Controlling the Flow of Sensitive Knowledge in an Interconnected World (Standard Research Grant)

控制美国和其他国家之间敏感但非机密知识流通的法规的范围日益受到关注。对于学术界和工业界的研究人员来说尤其如此。基础研究与军民两用技术的应用之间日益密切的联系以及外国决心利用美国的科学优势，使《国际武器贸易条例》成为与外国国民合作研究的核心。那些重视科学开放并将其视为美国科学技术领导地位和经济竞争力基石的社区，对法规解释的模糊性和违反法规的严厉处罚越来越感到沮丧。学术价值本项目将追溯始于20世纪80年代的科学开放与国家安全之间的辩论历史，主要使用国家科学院的报告，国会报告（如考克斯报告），国会研究服务的研究以及辅助材料。这一历史研究将补充ITAR的日常实施的经验研究，使用深入访谈的高级研究人员，行政和法律的人员，在格鲁吉亚理工学院。政策结论将从在这一监管框架内进行研究的人的经验中得出。该项目将使人们对在一个全球性、相互关联的世界中管理知识流通的机制有新的认识。它将确定定义尖端科学和技术的不断变化的情况，这些尖端科学和技术既不保密，又受监管。它要求我们扩大“技术转让”的含义，以适应知识的交流，在面对面的接触之间的美国研究人员和外国国民在实验室setting.Potential更广泛的影响的结果将感兴趣的科学和技术的历史学家，并参与实施ITAR的利益相关者。它们应激发公众辩论如何最好地平衡调查自由与国家安全的需要。

IntroductionThe scope of the regulations controlling the circulation of sensitive but unclassified knowledge between the United States and other countries is of growing concern. This is especially so for researchers in academia and in industry. The ever-closer linkage between basic research and application in civilian/military dual-use technologies and the determination of foreign countries to exploit American scientific pre-eminence have brought International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) into the core of collaborative research with foreign nationals. Communities that prize scientific openness and regard it as the bedrock of American scientific and technological leadership and economic competitiveness are increasingly frustrated by ambiguities surrounding the interpretation of the regulations and the severe penalties for violating them. Intellectual MeritThis project will trace the history of the debate between scientific openness and national security that began in the 1980s, primarily using reports produced by the National Academies, Congressional Reports (such as the Cox Report), studies by the Congressional Research Service, and supporting materials. This historical study will be supplemented by an empirical study of the day-to-day implementation of ITAR using in-depth interviews with senior researchers, and administrative and legal personnel, at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Policy conclusions will be drawn from the experience of those who conduct their research in this regulatory framework. The project will throw new light on the mechanisms that regulate the circulation of knowledge in a global, interconnected world. It will identify the changing circumstances that define cutting-edge science and technology that is both unclassified and subject to regulation. It demands that we expand the meaning of "technology transfer" to accommodate the exchange of knowledge in face-to-face encounters between American researchers and foreign nationals in a laboratory setting.Potential Broader ImpactsThe results will be of interest to historians of science and technology, and to stakeholders involved in implementing ITAR. They should stimulate public debate on how best to balance the freedom of inquiry with the needs of national security.