Collaborative Research: The COnvective Precipitation Experiment- Microphysical and Entrainment Dependencies (COPE-MED)

对流降水实验-微物理和夹带依赖关系（COPE-MED）研究的主要目标是研究暖雨过程的强度变化如何直接作用，以及通过Hallet-Mossop过程，影响对流降雨的数量、强度和特征。同样令人感兴趣的是积云夹带，影响其发展的因素，以及它如何改变暖雨和Hallet-Mossop过程的有效性。COPE-MED研究包括：(i)收集独特数据集的实地活动；（ii）数据分析技术的新颖应用，旨在最大限度地利用数据；（iii）云的数值模拟，以补充数据分析和假设检验，并在数值模式中改进这些过程的表示。COPE-MED野外活动是围绕遥感能力和怀俄明大学King Air研究飞机上的原位云物理仪器的组合而建立的。这些能力将用于详细观察对流风暴发展初期的微物理和动力结构。COPE- med将在更广泛的背景下进行，COPE是一项英国领先的现场活动，计划于2013年6月至8月在英格兰西南部进行。在这个地理位置，较冷的云基、较低的雨滴浓度和沿辐合线相对可预测的对流起始，为从暖雨过程向冰过程发展的积雨云以及夹带对这一过程的影响提供了理想的采样机会。遥感和现场飞机数据将与从COPE英国研究飞机以及地面雷达、无线电探空仪、气溶胶仪器和地面雨量计收集的数据一起进行分析。这些数据将与云的高分辨率3D数值模拟相结合进行分析，这些模拟可以代表不同的微物理路径和夹带的影响，并提供关于云特征的信息，否则飞机无法对其进行采样。COPE-MED的新贡献将包括利用雨滴衰减怀俄明州云雷达信号的技术发展，作为暖雨过程强度的衡量标准；对从飞机上的一套微物理探测器收集的数据进行分析，并采用后处理算法，旨在最大限度地提高云中不同水相量化的信息，最大限度地减少模糊性；并首次将双多普勒分析得到的云顶附近流场与高分辨率云模拟的流场进行了直接比较，目的是研究夹带特征并改进其在大涡模拟中的表现。智力优势：本研究将为对流降水发展的初始阶段收集独特的多组分数据集，增加对影响对流降雨的夹带和微物理相互作用的理解，并开发数据分析方法和改进云模拟模型，可应用于许多未来的研究。更广泛的影响：该研究将改进降水定量预报（通过增加基本知识以及启发新的微物理和/或卷带参数化），推进云播种，改进气溶胶和气候变化对云和降水影响的预测。这项工作的其他更广泛的影响包括在云的观测数据收集和分析和/或数值模拟方面教育和培训三名研究生和两名博士后，并将他们介绍给国际云物理界的许多成员。

The primary goal for the Convective Precipitation Experiment- Microphysics and Entrainment Dependencies (COPE-MED) study is to investigate how changes in the strength of the warm rain process acting directly, as well as through the Hallet-Mossop process, impacts the amount, intensity and characteristics of convective rainfall. Of equal interest is cumulus entrainment, factors influencing its progression, and how it alters the effectiveness of both the warm rain and Hallet-Mossop processes. The COPE-MED study includes: (i) a field campaign to collect a unique data set; (ii) the novel application of data analysis techniques designed to maximize the utility of the data; and (iii) numerical simulations of the clouds, to complement the data analysis and hypothesis-testing, and to develop improved representation of these processes in numerical models.The COPE-MED field campaign is built around the combination of remote sensing capabilities and in situ cloud physics instrumentation on the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft. These capabilities will be used to observe, in detail, the microphysical and dynamic structure of convective storms in their initial stages of development. COPE-MED will take place within the broader context of COPE - a U.K. lead field campaign scheduled from June through August, 2013 in Southwestern England. In this geographical location, the cooler cloud bases, lower drop concentrations and relatively predictable convective initiation along convergence lines provide an ideal opportunity to sample developing cumuli as they progress from the warm rain process into ice processes, and the influences of entrainment upon that progression. The remotely-sensed and in-situ aircraft data will be analyzed together with data collected from a COPE UK research aircraft as well as from ground-based radars, radiosondes, aerosol instrumentation, and surface rain gauges. The data will be analyzed in conjunction with high-resolution 3D numerical simulations of the clouds, which can represent the different microphysical pathways and the effects of entrainment, and provide information on cloud features that are otherwise incapable of being sampled by the aircraft.The novel contributions from COPE-MED will include technical development of the use of attenuation of the in-situ Wyoming Cloud Radar signal by raindrops as a measure of the strength of the warm rain process; the analysis of data collected from a suite of microphysical probes on the aircraft, with post-processing algorithms designed to maximize information and minimize ambiguity regarding quantification of the different water phases in the cloud; and the first direct comparison of flow fields near cloud top derived using dual-Doppler analysis with those from high-resolution cloud simulations, with the purpose of studying entrainment features and improving its representation in large-eddy simulations.Intellectual merits:This research will collect a unique, multi-component data set for the initial stages of convective precipitation development, increase understanding of entrainment and microphysical interactions affecting convective rainfall, and develop data analysis methods and improve cloud simulation models that can be applied to many future studies.Broader impacts:The study will improve quantitative precipitation forecasting (both by increasing basic knowledge as well as inspiring new microphysical and/or entrainment parameterizations), advance in cloud seeding, and improved prediction of the effects of aerosol and climate change upon clouds and precipitation. Other broader impacts of the work include the education and training of three graduate students and two postdocs in observational data collection and analysis and/or numerical modeling of clouds, and their introduction to numerous members of the international cloud physics community.