The Southern Ocean in a Warming World: Winds, Carbon and Heat

南极洲周围的南大洋是全球海洋中、深层和底层的大量水与表面和全球大气相互作用的主要门户。该地区对地球气候、海洋环流和生态系统产生了深远的影响。目前的建模和观测研究表明，尽管占据了表面海洋面积的四分之一多一点：？南大洋占海洋每年从大气中吸收的人为二氧化碳的一半以上？每年从大气转移到海洋的过剩热量中，南大洋约占70%±30%；南大洋的风和浮力通量是驱动全球海洋大尺度深部经向翻转环流的主要能量来源。最新一代EaSM(地球系统模式)对这一复杂且观测不足的区域的环流模拟存在明显的不一致。这些因素包括南大洋环流对人为二氧化碳吸收、热和风变率变化的敏感性。西风的变化反过来又与极地臭氧层空洞的状态有关。该项目力求分析各种IPCC-AR5 ESM运行的结果，以确定这些模型与最新数据来源相比的优势和劣势。还将利用两个GFDL ESMS进行四次模式敏感性运行，以求量化西风带在南大洋碳和热量吸收中的作用。

The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is the primary portal through which the vast volume of the intermediate, deep, and bottom waters of the global ocean interact with the surface and thus the global atmosphere. This region has a profound influence on the Earth's climate, oceanic circulation and ecosystems. Current modeling and observational studies suggest that, despite occupying just over a quarter of the surface ocean area:? the Southern Ocean accounts for up to half of the annual oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? the Southern Ocean accounts for about 70% ± 30% of the excess heat that is transferred from the atmosphere into the ocean each year; and? the Southern Ocean winds and buoyancy fluxes are the principal source of energy for driving the large-scale deep meridional overturning circulation throughout the global ocean.There are notable inconsistencies in the simulations of the circulation in this complex and underobserved region in the latest generation of EaSMs (earth systems models). These include the sensitivity of Southern Ocean circulation to changes in anthropogenic CO2 uptake, heat and wind variability. Westerly wind variability in turn has been linked to the state of the polar ozone hole. The project seeks to analyze the output of various IPCC-AR5 ESM runs to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the models in comparison with most recent data sources. Using two GFDL ESMs, four model sensitivity runs will also be conducted, which will seek to quantify the role of westerlies in the uptake of carbon and heat in the Southern Ocean.