Collaborative Research: The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study: Sustained Biogeochemical, Ecosystem, and Ocean Change Observations and Linkages in the Subtropical North Atlantic.

长期时间序列是研究海洋物理和生物地球化学、其对全球碳循环的影响及其对气候变化的响应的有力工具。特别是，百慕大海洋科学研究所（BIOS）的百慕大大西洋时间序列研究（BATS）项目的研究目标一直是，并将继续是，提高我们对海洋碳循环的时变组成部分的理解，相关的生物成因元素（如氮、磷、二氧化硅），并确定导致这种变化的相关物理、化学和生态系统特性。BATS现有的24年数据为季节性和年变化率、马尾藻海生态系统对自然气候变率的响应以及潜在气候变化信号的检测提供了强有力的约束。BATS的多年代际观测还提供了急需的海洋碳循环变化率、北大西洋二氧化碳汇源和全球最长的海洋酸化记录。在其25年的运作中，BATS的目标是：(1)记录养分循环和生物群落的时间变化；(2)量化海-气耦合和气候强迫对海气交换CO2和向海洋内部输出碳的作用；(3)研究物理强迫（例如，地表热通量、淡水通量和动量通量）对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用，包括新生产力和出口生产力；(4)研究气候引起的地表通量变率对浮游生物群落结构和功能的作用；(5)为开发/验证新的海洋学工具和技术提供依据。这份授予BIOS和Bigelow海洋科学实验室的续签合同将在26-30年期间继续为BATS项目提供资金。在继续实现核心目标的同时，研究小组将解决从以前的BATS数据中发展出来的几个新的长期问题。这些问题与：(1)涡旋对冬季混合年际变化的影响；(2)马尾藻表层和深水气候变化信号的探测；(3)海洋酸化对初级生产、新鲜有机碳在溶解相和颗粒相之间的分配以及沉积碳再矿化的影响；(4)颗粒态和溶解态氮磷循环的耦合、控制机制及其与典型红场比的关系；(5)碳输出的综合地球化学估算与碳输出观测记录的多样性协调。更广泛的影响：BATS计划具有强大而多样的更广泛的影响，通过为经验主义者和建模者提供高质量的海洋观测和数据，以及研究人员可以构思和检验假设的框架，为海洋科学领域做出了贡献。事实上，许多专注于过程导向的研究项目（例如，EDDIES, TROPHIC BATS）都是从BATS数据产生的假设中衍生出来的。BATS和这些相关项目继续产生大量被广泛引用的出版物，这些出版物对该领域做出了重要贡献，并促进了我们对海洋的了解。BATS项目的pi一直并将继续致力于对本科生和研究生的培训和指导（包括直接接受BATS项目pi监督的学生和其他通过辅助项目监督的学生）。海洋研究所的海洋学设施使项目小组能够训练学生和技术人员，并以其他机构很少能提供的方式与其他研究人员合作。通过实际操作的实验室、巡航和数据综合活动，BATS将继续直接帮助美国提高对海洋碳循环及其对全球气候影响的认识

Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating ocean physics and biogeochemistry, its effects on the global carbon cycle, and its response to climate change. In particular, the research goals of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) program at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS) have been, and continue to be, improving our understanding of the time-varying components of the ocean carbon cycle, related biogenic elements of interest (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, silica), and identifying the relevant physical, chemical and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The existing 24 years of data from BATS provide robust constraints on seasonal and year-over-year variability, the response of the Sargasso Sea ecosystem to natural climate variability and detection of potential climate change signals. Multi-decadal observations at BATS also provide critically needed rates of change in the ocean carbon cycle, CO2 sinks-sources in the North Atlantic and the longest global record of ocean acidification. Throughout its twenty-five years of operation, the objectives of BATS have been: (1) to document the temporal variability in nutrient cycles and biological communities; (2) to quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate forcing on air-sea exchange of CO2, and carbon export to the ocean interior; (3) to study the role of physical forcing (e.g., surface fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum) on planktonic community structure and function, including new and export productivity; (4) to study the role of climate-induced variability in surface fluxes on planktonic community structure and function, and (5) to provide for development/validation of new oceanographic tools and technologies. This renewal award to BIOS and the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences will provide funding to continue the BATS program through years 26-30. While continuing the core goals, the research team will address several new long-term questions that have developed from the previous BATS data. These questions are related to the: (1) impact of eddies on interannual variability in winter mixing; (2) detection of climate change signals in surface and deep waters of the Sargasso; (3) impact of ocean acidification on primary production, partitioning of freshly produced organic carbon between dissolved and particulate phases and remineralization of sedimenting carbon; (4) coupling of particulate and dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, controlling mechanisms and their relationships to the canonical Redfield Ratio, and; (5) reconciliation of integrative geochemical estimates of carbon export and the variety of observational records of carbon export. Broader Impacts: The BATS program has strong and diverse broader impacts, contributing to the field of ocean sciences by providing high quality ocean observations and data for empiricists and modelers, and a framework from which researchers can conceive and test hypotheses. Indeed, a number of focused process-oriented research programs (e.g., EDDIES, TROPHIC BATS) have spun off from hypotheses arising from BATS data. BATS and these related programs continue to generate a large number of well-cited publications that make important contributions to the field and advance our understanding of the oceans. PIs of the BATS program have been and continue to be dedicated to the training and mentorship of both undergraduate and graduate students (including those with direct BATS PIs supervision and others via ancillary programs). The oceanographic facilities at BIOS allow the project team to train students and technicians and to collaborate with other researchers in a manner few other institutions can provide. Through hands-on laboratory, cruise and data synthesis activities, BATS will continue to directly aid the U.S. national effort to improve the understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle and the impact on global climate