The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S): Years 65-69

帕努鲁斯水文站 (Hydrostation S)：65-69 年

• 批准号: 1633125
• 负责人: Nicholas Bates
• 金额: $ 85.84万
• 依托单位: Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), Inc.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-03-01 至 2023-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1633125&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Panulirus; Hydrographic; Stations; Hydrostation; Years

The physical properties of the ocean from the surface layers to the abyssal water masses are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing and sustained observations of the ocean are critically important to establish these rates of change. One of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world is maintained at the Hydrostation S site (formerly known as the Panulirus site) located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. This repeat biweekly hydrographic observations was initiated by Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954. Now, in its seventh decade, it continues to be recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series and provides an invaluable metric for the long-term state of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in relation to the meridional overturning circulation, western boundary transport, and gyre recirculation. For example, the upper ocean warming trend has strengthened (about 0.8° C since the 1970's) while the deep Labrador Sea has cooled by a few tenths of a degree. The signature of deoxygenation has been observed at Hydrostation S in the upper ocean (about 7 micro-moles/kg/decade decrease in dissolved oxygen) as well as an intensification and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone. These changes suggest that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is experiencing deoxygenation as in the Pacific Ocean as a result of increased upper ocean stratification and reduced solubility of oxygen in warmer waters. The Hydrostation S program and its data set are managed as a service to the ocean community, being openly distributed and used as a resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as for education, mentorship and outreach activities. The Hydrostation S project will contribute to the research and training of six research specialists and research technicians at BIOS and contribute to the research projects of at least three Ph.D. students through on-going educational partnership with Princeton University and the University of Southampton in the U.K. The one-day Hydrostation S research cruises are an ideal platform for testing new sensors and for providing hand-on training to undergraduate students enrolled in summer programs.The Hydrostation S project is designed to address the overarching hypothesis that the physical properties of the upper-ocean to deep-ocean are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. The major objective of Hydrostation S into the seventh decade is to continue the frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time?series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). As for the past five years, two CTD profiles will be conducted to better capture the deep-water variability while maintaining all the previous discrete depths. The first CTD cast will profile to full ocean depth (3,200-3,500 m) while the second CTD cast will profile from the surface to 500 m to allow for biogeochemical instrumentation not rated for full ocean depth and to support ancillary studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. A secondary objective will be to build upon the collaborative comparison of physical data collected as part of two autonomous sensor projects. In the latter stages of the project, as ocean glider deployment becomes more sustainable and reliable, collaborative and comparative efforts will be used to test the capability of ocean gliders to provide data of sufficient quality to detect long-term oceanic change in a "virtual" mooring time-series mode. The robust and highly accurate Hydrostation S data will be used to test the capability of emerging technologies over the next five to ten years.

从表层到深海水团的海洋物理特性正在随着自然和人为影响的物理强迫而变化，对海洋的持续观测对于确定这些变化率至关重要。世界上最长的公海水道测量站之一位于 Hydrostation S 站点（以前称为 Panulirus 站点），位于北大西洋百慕大东南约 25 公里处。这种每两周一次的重复水文观测由 Henry Stommel 及其同事于 1954 年发起。现在，在其第七个十年中，它仍然被认为是最重要的持续海洋时间序列之一，并为北大西洋副热带环流与经向翻转环流、西边界输送和环流再循环相关的长期状态提供了宝贵的度量。例如，上层海洋变暖趋势有所加强（自 1970 年代以来约升高 0.8°C），而拉布拉多海深处则降温了零点几度。在上层海洋 Hydrostation S 中观察到脱氧的特征（溶解氧每十年减少约 7 微摩尔/千克）以及最低含氧区的强化和扩大。这些变化表明，由于上层海洋层化增加和温暖水域中氧气溶解度降低，北大西洋副热带环流正在经历脱氧，就像太平洋一样。 Hydrostation S 计划及其数据集作为海洋界的一项服务进行管理，公开分发并用作了解海洋变化过程和模式的资源，以及用于教育、指导和外展活动。 Hydrostation S项目将有助于BIOS的六名研究专家和研究技术人员的研究和培训，并为至少三名博士的研究项目做出贡献。通过与英国普林斯顿大学和南安普顿大学的持续教育合作，为期一天的 Hydrostation S 研究巡航是测试新传感器和为参加暑期课程的本科生提供实践培训的理想平台。Hydrostation S 项目旨在解决一个总体假设，即上层海洋到深海的物理特性正在随着自然和人为影响的物理特性而变化。 强迫。对海洋的持续观测（例如 Hydrostation S 的观测）对于确定变化率仍然至关重要，从而为无数区域和全球海洋综合以及海洋过程和未来海洋变化的建模提供定量经验数据。 Hydrostation S 进入第七个十年的主要目标是继续对北大西洋副热带环流的温度、盐度和溶解氧进行频繁的水柱采样（并间接采样重要的海洋碳时间序列）。此类工作是对其他持续观测的补充，例如百慕大大西洋时间序列研究（BATS）和海洋通量计划（OFP）。在过去的五年中，将进行两次 CTD 剖面，以更好地捕获深水变化，同时保持之前所有的离散深度。第一个 CTD 铸件将探测整个海洋深度（3,200-3,500 m），而第二个 CTD 铸件将从表面探测到 500 m，以允许使用不适合整个海洋深度的生物地球化学仪器，并支持海洋物理、生物过程和生物地球化学的辅助研究。第二个目标是对作为两个自主传感器项目的一部分收集的物理数据进行协作比较。在该项目的后期阶段，随着海洋滑翔机的部署变得更加可持续和可靠，将利用协作和比较的努力来测试海洋滑翔机提供足够质量的数据以在“虚拟”系泊时间序列模式下检测长期海洋变化的能力。强大且高度准确的 Hydrostation S 数据将用于测试未来五到十年新兴技术的能力。