The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S): Years 65-69

从表层到深海水团的海洋物理性质正随着自然和人为影响的物理强迫而发生变化，对海洋的持续观测对于确定这些变化速度至关重要。世界上最长的开放海洋水文测量站之一位于S站（以前称为Panulirus站点），位于北大西洋百慕大东南约25公里处。这种每两周重复一次的水文观测是由亨利·斯托梅尔及其同事于1954年发起的。现在，在它的第七个十年里，它仍然被认为是最重要的持续海洋时间序列之一，并为北大西洋副热带环流与经向翻转环流、西界输送和环流再环流的长期状态提供了宝贵的度量。例如，上层海洋变暖趋势已经加强（自20世纪70年代以来约0.8°C），而拉布拉多海深处已经冷却了零点几度。在海洋上层S站观测到脱氧的特征（溶解氧减少约7微摩尔/kg/ 10年），以及氧最小带的增强和扩大。这些变化表明北大西洋副热带环流正在经历与太平洋一样的脱氧，这是由于上层海洋分层增加和氧在较暖水域溶解度降低的结果。S站项目及其数据集作为对海洋社区的服务进行管理，公开分发，并作为了解海洋变化过程和模式的资源，以及用于教育、指导和推广活动。Hydrostation S项目将为BIOS的六名研究专家和研究技术人员的研究和培训做出贡献，并通过与普林斯顿大学和英国南安普顿大学的持续教育合作，为至少三名博士生的研究项目做出贡献。为期一天的Hydrostation S研究巡航是测试新传感器的理想平台，并为参加暑期课程的本科生提供实践培训。S站项目旨在解决一个总体假设，即上层海洋到深海的物理性质正在随着自然和人为影响的物理强迫而发生变化。对海洋的持续观测，如S站的观测，对于确定变化率、为无数区域和全球海洋综合以及海洋过程和未来海洋变化的模拟提供定量经验数据仍然至关重要。S站进入第七个十年的主要目标是继续进行频繁的水柱温度、盐度和溶解氧采样（并间接采样重要的海洋碳时间）。系列)的北大西洋副热带环流。这种工作是对其他持续观测的补充，如百慕大大西洋时间序列研究和海洋通量方案。与过去五年一样，将进行两次CTD剖面，以更好地捕捉深水变化，同时保持所有以前的离散深度。第一次CTD投下的剖面将覆盖整个海洋深度（3200 - 3500米），而第二次CTD投下的剖面将从表面覆盖到500米，以允许使用不适合整个海洋深度的生物地球化学仪器，并支持海洋物理、生物过程和生物地球化学的辅助研究。第二个目标将建立在作为两个自主传感器项目的一部分收集的物理数据的协作比较之上。在项目的后期阶段，随着海洋滑翔机的部署变得更加可持续和可靠，合作和比较的努力将用于测试海洋滑翔机的能力，以提供足够质量的数据，以“虚拟”系泊时间序列模式检测长期海洋变化。在未来的5到10年里，稳健且高度精确的Hydrostation S数据将用于测试新兴技术的能力。

The physical properties of the ocean from the surface layers to the abyssal water masses are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing and sustained observations of the ocean are critically important to establish these rates of change. One of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world is maintained at the Hydrostation S site (formerly known as the Panulirus site) located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. This repeat biweekly hydrographic observations was initiated by Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954. Now, in its seventh decade, it continues to be recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series and provides an invaluable metric for the long-term state of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in relation to the meridional overturning circulation, western boundary transport, and gyre recirculation. For example, the upper ocean warming trend has strengthened (about 0.8° C since the 1970's) while the deep Labrador Sea has cooled by a few tenths of a degree. The signature of deoxygenation has been observed at Hydrostation S in the upper ocean (about 7 micro-moles/kg/decade decrease in dissolved oxygen) as well as an intensification and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone. These changes suggest that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is experiencing deoxygenation as in the Pacific Ocean as a result of increased upper ocean stratification and reduced solubility of oxygen in warmer waters. The Hydrostation S program and its data set are managed as a service to the ocean community, being openly distributed and used as a resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as for education, mentorship and outreach activities. The Hydrostation S project will contribute to the research and training of six research specialists and research technicians at BIOS and contribute to the research projects of at least three Ph.D. students through on-going educational partnership with Princeton University and the University of Southampton in the U.K. The one-day Hydrostation S research cruises are an ideal platform for testing new sensors and for providing hand-on training to undergraduate students enrolled in summer programs.The Hydrostation S project is designed to address the overarching hypothesis that the physical properties of the upper-ocean to deep-ocean are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. The major objective of Hydrostation S into the seventh decade is to continue the frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time?series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). As for the past five years, two CTD profiles will be conducted to better capture the deep-water variability while maintaining all the previous discrete depths. The first CTD cast will profile to full ocean depth (3,200-3,500 m) while the second CTD cast will profile from the surface to 500 m to allow for biogeochemical instrumentation not rated for full ocean depth and to support ancillary studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. A secondary objective will be to build upon the collaborative comparison of physical data collected as part of two autonomous sensor projects. In the latter stages of the project, as ocean glider deployment becomes more sustainable and reliable, collaborative and comparative efforts will be used to test the capability of ocean gliders to provide data of sufficient quality to detect long-term oceanic change in a "virtual" mooring time-series mode. The robust and highly accurate Hydrostation S data will be used to test the capability of emerging technologies over the next five to ten years.