The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S): Years 65-69

海洋从表层到深海水团的物理性质随着自然和人为影响的物理作用力而不断变化，对海洋的持续观测对于确定这些变化率至关重要。位于北大西洋百慕大东南约25公里处的Hydrostation S站点（以前称为Panulirus站点）是世界上最长的公海水文站之一。这种每两周重复一次的水文观测是由亨利·斯托梅尔及其同事于1954年发起的。现在，在它的第七个十年，它仍然被认为是最重要的持续海洋时间序列之一，并提供了一个宝贵的度量北大西洋副热带环流的长期状态，与纬向翻转环流，西部边界运输和环流再循环。例如，上层海洋变暖的趋势已经加强（自20世纪70年代以来约为0.8° C），而拉布拉多深海已经冷却了零点几度。在海洋上层的水文站S观察到脱氧的迹象（溶解氧每十年减少约7微摩尔/千克），以及最低含氧区的加强和扩大。这些变化表明，北大西洋副热带环流正在经历脱氧，就像在太平洋一样，这是由于上层海洋分层增加和氧气在较温暖的沃茨中溶解度降低。Hydrostation S计划及其数据集是作为一项服务管理的海洋社区，被公开分发并用作了解海洋变化过程和模式的资源，以及教育，指导和推广活动。Hydrostation S项目将为BIOS的六名研究专家和研究技术人员的研究和培训做出贡献，并为至少三名博士的研究项目做出贡献。通过与普林斯顿大学和英国南安普顿大学的持续教育合作伙伴关系，为期一天的Hydrostation S研究巡航是测试新传感器的理想平台，也是为参加暑期课程的本科生提供实践培训的理想平台。Hydrostation S项目旨在解决一个总体假设，即上层海洋到深海的物理特性正在与自然和人为影响的物理强迫相一致地发生变化。对海洋的持续观测，如S水文站的观测，对于确定变化率仍然至关重要，以便为无数区域和全球海洋综合和海洋过程及未来海洋变化建模提供定量经验数据。水电站S进入第七个十年的主要目标是继续对温度、盐度和溶解氧进行频繁的水柱采样（以及间接地对重要的海洋碳时间？北大西洋副热带环流。这项工作是对百慕大大西洋时间序列研究和海洋通量方案等其他持续观测的补充。在过去五年中，将进行两次温深剖面测量，以更好地捕捉深水变化，同时保持以前所有离散的深度。第一个CTD模型将描绘整个海洋深度（3 200 - 3 500米）的剖面，第二个CTD模型将描绘从海面到500米的剖面，以便能够使用不适用于整个海洋深度的海洋地球化学仪器，并支持海洋物理、生物过程和海洋地球化学的辅助研究。第二个目标是对作为两个自主传感器项目的一部分收集的物理数据进行合作比较。在该项目的后期阶段，随着海洋滑翔机的部署变得更加可持续和可靠，将利用协作和比较努力来测试海洋滑翔机提供足够质量的数据的能力，以便以“虚拟”系泊时间序列模式探测长期海洋变化。强大且高度准确的Hydrostation S数据将用于测试未来五到十年新兴技术的能力。

The physical properties of the ocean from the surface layers to the abyssal water masses are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing and sustained observations of the ocean are critically important to establish these rates of change. One of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world is maintained at the Hydrostation S site (formerly known as the Panulirus site) located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. This repeat biweekly hydrographic observations was initiated by Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954. Now, in its seventh decade, it continues to be recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series and provides an invaluable metric for the long-term state of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in relation to the meridional overturning circulation, western boundary transport, and gyre recirculation. For example, the upper ocean warming trend has strengthened (about 0.8° C since the 1970's) while the deep Labrador Sea has cooled by a few tenths of a degree. The signature of deoxygenation has been observed at Hydrostation S in the upper ocean (about 7 micro-moles/kg/decade decrease in dissolved oxygen) as well as an intensification and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone. These changes suggest that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is experiencing deoxygenation as in the Pacific Ocean as a result of increased upper ocean stratification and reduced solubility of oxygen in warmer waters. The Hydrostation S program and its data set are managed as a service to the ocean community, being openly distributed and used as a resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as for education, mentorship and outreach activities. The Hydrostation S project will contribute to the research and training of six research specialists and research technicians at BIOS and contribute to the research projects of at least three Ph.D. students through on-going educational partnership with Princeton University and the University of Southampton in the U.K. The one-day Hydrostation S research cruises are an ideal platform for testing new sensors and for providing hand-on training to undergraduate students enrolled in summer programs.The Hydrostation S project is designed to address the overarching hypothesis that the physical properties of the upper-ocean to deep-ocean are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. The major objective of Hydrostation S into the seventh decade is to continue the frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time?series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). As for the past five years, two CTD profiles will be conducted to better capture the deep-water variability while maintaining all the previous discrete depths. The first CTD cast will profile to full ocean depth (3,200-3,500 m) while the second CTD cast will profile from the surface to 500 m to allow for biogeochemical instrumentation not rated for full ocean depth and to support ancillary studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. A secondary objective will be to build upon the collaborative comparison of physical data collected as part of two autonomous sensor projects. In the latter stages of the project, as ocean glider deployment becomes more sustainable and reliable, collaborative and comparative efforts will be used to test the capability of ocean gliders to provide data of sufficient quality to detect long-term oceanic change in a "virtual" mooring time-series mode. The robust and highly accurate Hydrostation S data will be used to test the capability of emerging technologies over the next five to ten years.