The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S): Years 65-69

海洋从表层到深海水团的物理性质正在随着自然和人为的物理强迫而发生变化，对海洋的持续观测对于确定这种变化速度至关重要。世界上最长的远洋水文站之一位于北大西洋百慕大东南约25公里处的S水文站(前身为帕努利鲁斯水文站)。这种重复的两周一次的水文观测是由Henry Stommel和他的同事在1954年发起的。现在，在它的第70个十年中，它继续被认为是最重要的持续海洋时间序列之一，并为北大西洋副热带环流与经向翻转环流、西部边界输送和环流再循环的长期状态提供了一个宝贵的度量。例如，上层海洋变暖的趋势有所加强(自1970年S以来约为0.8摄氏度)，而拉布拉多海深海的温度下降了零点几度。在大洋上游的S水电站观察到了脱氧的特征(溶解氧减少约7微摩尔/公斤/十年)，以及氧最小带的强化和扩大。这些变化表明，北大西洋副热带环流正经历着与太平洋一样的脱氧，这是由于上层海洋层化增加和较暖水域中氧气的溶解度降低所致。S水电站方案及其数据集作为对海洋界的一项服务进行管理，公开分发并用作了解海洋变化过程和模式以及教育、指导和外联活动的资源。S水电站项目将通过与普林斯顿大学和英国南安普顿大学的持续教育合作，为基本输入输出系统的六名研究专家和研究技术人员的研究和培训做出贡献，并通过与英国普林斯顿大学和南安普顿大学的持续教育伙伴关系，为至少三名博士生的研究项目做出贡献。为期一天的S水电站研究游轮是测试新传感器和为夏季项目本科生提供动手培训的理想平台。水电站S项目旨在解决这样一个重要假设，即从上层海洋到深海的物理性质正在随着自然和人类影响的物理强迫而发生变化。对海洋的持续观测，如来自S水电站的观测，对于确定变化率仍然至关重要，以便为无数区域和全球海洋合成以及海洋过程和未来海洋变化的模拟提供定量的经验数据。S水电站进入第70个十年的主要目标是继续对北大西洋副热带环流的温度、盐度和溶解氧进行频繁的水柱采样(并间接采样重要的海洋碳时间序列)。这项工作是对其他持续观测的补充，例如百慕大大西洋时间序列研究和海洋通量方案。至于过去五年，将进行两次CTD剖面，以更好地捕捉深水变异性，同时保持所有以前的离散深度。第一个CTD CAST将剖面分布到全海洋深度(3,200-3,500米)，而第二个CTD CAST将剖面从表面到500米，以允许未被评为全海洋深度的生物地球化学仪器，并支持海洋物理、生物过程和生物地球化学的辅助研究。次要目标将是建立在作为两个自主传感器项目的一部分收集的物理数据的协作比较的基础上。在该项目的后期阶段，随着海洋滑翔机的部署变得更加可持续和可靠，将采取合作和比较的努力来测试海洋滑翔机是否有能力以“虚拟”系泊时间序列模式提供足够高质量的数据来探测海洋的长期变化。稳健和高精度的S水电站数据将用于测试未来五到十年新兴技术的能力。

The physical properties of the ocean from the surface layers to the abyssal water masses are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing and sustained observations of the ocean are critically important to establish these rates of change. One of the longest open-ocean hydrographic stations in the world is maintained at the Hydrostation S site (formerly known as the Panulirus site) located about 25 km southeast of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. This repeat biweekly hydrographic observations was initiated by Henry Stommel and co-workers in 1954. Now, in its seventh decade, it continues to be recognized as one of the most important sustained ocean time-series and provides an invaluable metric for the long-term state of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in relation to the meridional overturning circulation, western boundary transport, and gyre recirculation. For example, the upper ocean warming trend has strengthened (about 0.8° C since the 1970's) while the deep Labrador Sea has cooled by a few tenths of a degree. The signature of deoxygenation has been observed at Hydrostation S in the upper ocean (about 7 micro-moles/kg/decade decrease in dissolved oxygen) as well as an intensification and expansion of the oxygen minimum zone. These changes suggest that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is experiencing deoxygenation as in the Pacific Ocean as a result of increased upper ocean stratification and reduced solubility of oxygen in warmer waters. The Hydrostation S program and its data set are managed as a service to the ocean community, being openly distributed and used as a resource in understanding processes and patterns of variability in the ocean, as well as for education, mentorship and outreach activities. The Hydrostation S project will contribute to the research and training of six research specialists and research technicians at BIOS and contribute to the research projects of at least three Ph.D. students through on-going educational partnership with Princeton University and the University of Southampton in the U.K. The one-day Hydrostation S research cruises are an ideal platform for testing new sensors and for providing hand-on training to undergraduate students enrolled in summer programs.The Hydrostation S project is designed to address the overarching hypothesis that the physical properties of the upper-ocean to deep-ocean are changing in concert with natural and anthropogenically influenced physical forcing. Sustained observations of the ocean, such as those from Hydrostation S, remain critically important to establish rates of change to provide quantitative empirical data for myriad regional and global ocean synthesis and modeling of ocean processes and future ocean change. The major objective of Hydrostation S into the seventh decade is to continue the frequent water column sampling of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (and indirectly, sampling of important ocean carbon time?series) of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Such work is complementary to other sustained observations such as the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Ocean Flux Program (OFP). As for the past five years, two CTD profiles will be conducted to better capture the deep-water variability while maintaining all the previous discrete depths. The first CTD cast will profile to full ocean depth (3,200-3,500 m) while the second CTD cast will profile from the surface to 500 m to allow for biogeochemical instrumentation not rated for full ocean depth and to support ancillary studies of ocean physics, biological processes and biogeochemistry. A secondary objective will be to build upon the collaborative comparison of physical data collected as part of two autonomous sensor projects. In the latter stages of the project, as ocean glider deployment becomes more sustainable and reliable, collaborative and comparative efforts will be used to test the capability of ocean gliders to provide data of sufficient quality to detect long-term oceanic change in a "virtual" mooring time-series mode. The robust and highly accurate Hydrostation S data will be used to test the capability of emerging technologies over the next five to ten years.