Cultural Dynamics and Overlapping Interaction Spheres in the Marmara Lake Basin, Western Turkey

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，克里斯托弗·H.罗斯福和克里斯蒂娜·卢克博士将领导一个为期三年的跨学科研究项目，探索在公元前第二个千年的青铜时代中期和晚期活跃在土耳其西部的社会和政治团体的文化动态。该项目的重点是盖迪兹河谷中部的马尔马拉湖盆地，这是连接爱琴海和安纳托利亚中部互动领域的战略门户，目的是了解在东西部动态和更广泛的互动领域背景下，中央政治权力机构的地方发展和性质。通过整合非侵入性地表调查，挖掘，以及在研究区域最近发现的城堡和其他遗址的网络中进行样本和对象分析，该项目调查了米诺斯和迈锡尼政体在爱琴海蓬勃发展的时期的政治联盟和经济关系，以及安纳托利亚中部的赫梯人从一个地方王国发展成为一个庞大的领土帝国。当地网络中最大和最复杂的网站是Kaymakç，它可能既是当地的首都，也是一个独立王国的首都，后来被称为Seha River Land的赫梯附庸。这座占地8.6公顷的城堡可以追溯到公元前2000年，在此期间，它的一部分至少被烧毁过一次，之后它似乎永远被遗弃了，离开很好-这些基本的政治和社会进程至今仍在近东地区发挥作用，这个考古项目提供了一个很好的例子来研究它们在很长一段时间内是如何相互作用的拟议的工作将整合地球物理和土壤化学调查、挖掘、陶瓷和石材研究以及植物、动物和其他生计和环境样本分析，以解决空间组织、生计做法和物质生产模式问题，从而了解相互作用领域重叠地区的社会复杂性动态。此外，这项在盖迪兹河谷中部的研究将补充青铜时代安纳托利亚其他地方正在进行的工作。虽然该山谷一直被认为是爱琴海和安纳托利亚中部之间的重要连接走廊，但它仍然是考古学和地缘政治理解的主要空白，米诺斯，迈锡尼，当地安纳托利亚和西安纳托利亚的赫梯互动。该项目计划通过20世纪50年代以来该地区的第一个新发掘项目来填补这一空白。该项目的更广泛影响包括对地方社区之间关系的考古理解、区域间互动领域、新兴政治当局的空间发展以及其生存管理和物质生产活动的组织特征。此外，该项目将为美国和外国（特别是土耳其）学生提供实地考察机会和研究课题。该项目的教育影响对于促进土耳其的考古遗产管理特别重要。该项目将与土耳其文化和旅游部的当地代表合作，在高级研究员和学生级别的美国-土耳其团队的帮助下，促进国际合作，促进全球，跨学科，科学和“最佳实践”人类学方法，以丰富的领域，即安纳托利亚考古学。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Christopher H. Roosevelt and Dr. Christina Luke will lead a three-year interdisciplinary research project exploring the cultural dynamics of social and political groups active in western Turkey during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages of the second millennium BCE. The project focuses on the Marmara Lake Basin of the middle Gediz River valley, a strategic gateway linking Aegean and central Anatolian spheres of interaction, to understand the local development and nature of centralized political authority in the context of dynamic and wider interaction spheres to east and west. Through integration of non-invasive surface survey, excavation, and sample and object analyses at a network of recently discovered citadels and other sites in the study area, the project investigates political alliances and economic relationships during a time in which Minoan and Mycenaean polities thrived in the Aegean and the Hittites of central Anatolia grew from a local kingdom to a vast territorial empire. The largest and most complex site of the local network was Kaymakçý, and it was likely both the local capital as well as that of an independent kingdom and later Hittite vassal known as the Seha River Land. The 8.6 ha citadel dates to the second millennium BCE, during which time parts of it were burned at least once, and after which time it appears to have been abandoned forever, leaving well-preserved Bronze Age remains on the surface.These fundamental political and social processes are still at work in the Near East today and this archaeological project provides an excellent example to examine how they interact over an extended time period.The proposed work will integrate geophysical and soil-chemistry surveys, excavation, ceramic and stone material studies, and botanical, faunal, and other subsistence and environmental sample analyses to address spatial organization, subsistence practices, and modes of material production for understanding the dynamics of social complexity in areas of overlapping interaction spheres. Furthermore, this research in the middle Gediz River valley will complement ongoing work elsewhere in Bronze Age Anatolia. While the valley has always been acknowledged as an important, connective corridor between the Aegean and central Anatolia, it has remained a major gap in archaeological and geo-political understandings of Minoan, Mycenaean, local Anatolian, and Hittite interactions in western Anatolia. The project plans to fill this gap with the first new excavation project in the region since the 1950s.The broader impacts of the project include contributions to archaeological understandings of relationships between local communities, interregional interaction spheres, the spatial development of emergent political authorities, and the organizational characteristics of their subsistence management and material production activities. Additionally, the project will provide fieldwork opportunities and research topics for both American and foreign (especially Turkish) students. The educational impact of the project is of particular importance for contributing to archaeological heritage management in Turkey. With an American-Turkish team at both senior-researcher and student levels, and in cooperation with local representatives of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the project will foment international collaboration in promoting global, interdisciplinary, scientific, and "best practice" anthropological approaches to the rich field that is the archaeology of Anatolia.