MEETING: Inside the Vertebrate Nose, Barcelona, Spain, July 8-12,2013

这笔资金将用于资助美国研究生和博士后参加将于2013年7月在西班牙巴塞罗那举行的第十届国际脊椎动物形态学家大会(ICVM)期间举行的题为“脊椎动物鼻子内幕：进化、结构和功能”的研讨会。这次研讨会将聚集解剖学家、古生物学家、人类学家和工程师，重点提高对鼻子的理解，鼻子是一种对嗅觉和呼吸至关重要的结构。相对于脊椎动物头部的其他区域(如眼睛、耳朵和嘴巴)，鼻子几乎没有受到科学上的关注。因为鼻子的主要功能依赖于气流，而鼻子的内部解剖影响气流，所以完整的鼻子功能图景需要研究解剖学(即生物学家)和流动动力学(即工程师)的科学家在进化和比较解剖学的背景下进行合作。在过去的十年里，成像和计算的进步产生了关于鼻部解剖和气流动力学的新数据，需要整合。例如，高分辨率计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)使人们能够前所未有地看到各种脊椎动物头骨复杂的内部解剖结构。同样，计算流体力学的进步也被用来模拟鼻子内的气流，并研究鼻子实际上是如何将气味(气味)输送到鼻腔的不同区域。这将是第一次将研究鼻子的物理学家和生命学家聚集在一起，这些科学家研究了一系列脊椎动物的鼻子，无论是现存的还是灭绝的。可能会出现新的想法和新的方法，年轻的科学家(研究生和博士后研究员)将从参与中受益。ICVM是一个理想的场所，因为它每四年才举行一次，而且有各种各样的脊椎动物生物学家参加，参加会议的研究生和博士后学者将提高他们的专业技能，扩大他们的专业联系。将通过专业协会会议和网站以及名单服务，积极招募科学领域代表性较低的少数群体的妇女和学生作为参与者。通过将来自不同领域的研究人员聚集在一起，研讨会很可能导致富有成效的讨论和合作，这些讨论和合作是综合、跨学科科学的优秀范例。此外，这次研讨会和由此产生的出版物可以促进吸入毒理学、鼻腔给药和人工嗅觉领域的知识现状。例如，先进的呼吸计算机模型可以用来预测人类鼻子中的药物输送途径，而对其他哺乳动物物种嗅觉的更好理解可能会揭示许多生物启发的设计原则，用于建造合成嗅觉探测器。

Funds will be used to support the travel and participation of American graduate students and postdoctoral scholars in a symposium entitled "Inside the Vertebrate Nose: Evolution, Structure and Function" that will be held within the larger 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphologists (ICVM) in Barcelona, Spain in July of 2013. This symposium will bring together anatomists, paleontologists, anthropologists, and engineers to focus on improving understanding of the nose, a structure of vital importance to olfaction and respiration. Relative to other regions of the vertebrate head (e.g. the eyes, ears, and mouth), the nose has received little scientific attention. Because the major functions of the nose are dependent on airflow and the internal anatomy of the nose affects airflow, a complete picture of nasal function requires scientists that study both anatomy (i.e. biologists) and flow dynamics (i.e. engineers) to collaborate within an evolutionary and comparative anatomy context. Over the past decade, advances in imaging and computation have generated new data on both nasal anatomy and airflow dynamics that need to be integrated. For example, high resolution computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed unprecedented views of the complex internal anatomy of the skull in a wide array of vertebrates. Similarly, advances in computational fluid dynamics have been used to simulate airflow within the nose and to study how the nose actually works to transport odorants (smells) to different regions of the nasal cavity. This meeting will be the first to bring together physical and life scientists who study the nose in a broad array of vertebrates, both extant and extinct. Novel ideas and new approaches are likely to emerge and young scientists (graduate students and postdoctoral fellows) will benefit from participating. The ICVM is an ideal venue as it is held only once every four years and is very well attended by a diverse group of vertebrate biologists.Graduate students and postdoctoral scholars who participate in the meeting will enhance their professional skills and broaden their professional contacts. Women and students from underrepresented minorities in science will be actively recruited as participants by advertising through professional society meetings and websites, as well as via listservs. By bringing together researchers from disparate fields, the symposium is likely to lead to productive discussions and collaborations that are excellent examples of integrative, cross-disciplinary science. Furthermore, this symposium and the publications that result from it can contribute to the current state of knowledge in the areas of inhalation toxicology, intranasal drug delivery, and artificial olfaction. For example, advanced computer models of respiration could be used for predicting drug delivery pathways in the human nose, while an improved understanding of olfaction in other mammal species may reveal numerous bio-inspired design principles for building synthetic smell detectors.