A Multi-Wavelength Observing Program of Io Using Adaptive Optics and Interferometric Techniques

木卫一是我们太阳系中最引人注目的天体之一，它的火山是由潮汐加热和木星磁层的复杂相互作用驱动的。尽管从地面和航天器上进行了广泛的研究，但关于内部耗散的性质和位置、主要岩浆的组成以及火山、表面霜、大气和木星磁场之间的相互作用等基本问题仍然没有答案。提议小组将进行广泛的成像和光谱观测计划，以监测木卫一的火山和大气，利用广泛的望远镜设施，包括阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列（ALMA），毫米波天文学研究联合阵列（CARMA），红外望远镜设施（IRTF），双子座和凯克天文台。这些观测将产生(1)1-5微米的木卫一全球地图，至少每年一次，用于绘制和监测火山活动；(2)测定木卫一在木星阴影下的二氧化硫气体分布；(3)观测一氧化碳和二氧化硫气体，以约束木卫一大气的结构和动力学；(4)大气中一氧化碳和二氧化硫气体与二氧化硫冰和火山热点的相关性。木卫一的全球红外地图将被整合到美国地质调查局的木卫一全球数据库中。该项目将支持本科生和研究生的工作，提案团队成员将参与各种公共宣传活动。

Io is one of the most remarkable bodies in our solar system, with volcanoes driven by tidal heating and complex interactions with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Despite extensive studies from the ground and from spacecraft, fundamental questions, concerning the nature and location of internal dissipation, the composition of the dominant magma, and the interactions among the volcanoes, surface frost, atmosphere, and Jupiter's magnetic field, remain unanswered. The proposing team will conduct an extensive observational program of imaging and spectroscopy to monitor Io's volcanoes and atmosphere, making use of a wide range of telescope facilities including the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy (CARMA), the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), and the Gemini and Keck Observatories. These observations will yield (1) global maps of Io at 1-5 microns, at least once a year, to map and monitor volcanic activity; (2) determinations of the sulfur monoxide gas distribution while Io is in Jupiter's shadow; (3) observations of sulfur monoxide and sulfur dioxide gases to constrain the structure of and dynamics in Io's atmosphere; and (4) correlations of atmospheric sulfur monoxide and sulfur dioxide gases with sulfur dioxide ice and volcanic hot spots. The global infrared maps of Io, will be integrated into the USGS global Io database. The project will support the work of undergraduate and graduate students, and proposing team members will be involved in a variety of public outreach activities.