Origins, Dynamics, and Consequences of Community Conflict

本研究考察了1960年至1964年美国南方废除公共设施种族隔离的地方运动的动态和后果。在1964年民权法案之前，许多南方城市在午餐柜台、酒店、剧院和其他场所废除了大量种族隔离，但许多其他城市没有。为什么一些社会运动成功了，而另一些却没有带来社区的变化？近年来，这个经久不衰的谜题引起了相当大的关注。一些学者认为，组织、领导者和资源的特点以及运动所使用的战略、战术和主张决定了运动的影响。其他学者则关注更广泛群体的特征，认为强大的盟友和弱势的反对派等因素有助于运动的成功。与此同时，经济机会结构理论家认为，运动的影响取决于抗议对企业的成本是否超过让步的成本。研究者通过记录运动中的相互作用和序列以及影响的时空模式来扩展这些框架。该项目将：(1)建立一个数据集，记录1960年至1964年间大约70个南方城市的废除种族隔离运动；(2)利用数据集检验和扩展社会运动影响的主流理论。该研究建立在一个更广泛的项目和先前的NSF支持（SES-1060262）之上。研究者在334个南方城市建立了一个数据集，以确定持续的废除种族隔离运动发生的地方，并解释抗议活动的扩散、运动组织的发展和午餐柜台废除种族隔离运动。国家科学基金会社会学项目正在支持这个项目的前半部分，在35个城市开展废除种族隔离运动。该提案将通过对另外35个城市进行编码来完成更大的项目。这项额外的工作将：(1)建立一个关于所有作为民权活动中心的城市的综合数据库；(2)获取数据，对相互竞争的运动后果理论进行严格的检验。通过对次要历史记录进行编码，PI正在创建系统的、可比较的运动概况，包括抗议措施、运动组织和主张、与政治当局和经济行动者的互动，以及废除种族隔离的结果。研究结果有可能加深公众对民权运动的理解。民权运动是美国历史上的一个关键转折点，但大众的理解取决于少数运动。本研究提供了这些活动的综合数据库和分析。为了推进这一目标，该项目将建立一个网站，传播对学校、图书馆、博物馆和公众有用的废除种族隔离运动的概况。此外，该项目将促进研究生在历史方法和定量数据分析方面的培训和指导。

SES-1323149Kenneth AndrewsUniversity of North Carolina-Chapel HillThis study examines the dynamics and consequences of local campaigns to desegregate public accommodations in the U.S. South from 1960 to 1964. Many Southern cities experienced substantial desegregation of lunch counters, hotels, theaters and other establishments prior to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, but many others did not. Why do some social movements succeed while others fail to bring about community changes? This enduring puzzle has gained considerable attention in recent years. Some scholars argue that the characteristics of organizations, leaders, and resources and the strategies, tactics, and claims that movements use determine its impact. Others scholars focus on characteristics of the broader community and argue factors such as powerful allies and weak opposition facilitate movement success. Meanwhile economic opportunity structure theorists argue that movement impact depends on whether the costs of protest to businesses outweigh the costs of conceding. The investigator extends these frameworks by documenting interactions and sequences within campaigns and the temporal and spatial patterns of impact. The project will: (1) build a dataset documenting the desegregation campaigns in approximately 70 Southern cities between 1960 and 1964; and (2) use the dataset to test and extend prevailing theories of social movement impact.The research builds on a broader project and prior NSF support (SES-1060262). The investigator built a dataset on 334 Southern cities to identify where sustained desegregation campaigns occurred and to explain the diffusion of protest, the growth of movement organizations, and lunch counter desegregation campaigns. The NSF Sociology Program is supporting the first half of this project to code thirty-five cities with desegregation campaigns. This proposal will complete the larger project by coding thirty-five additional cities. This additional work will (1) develop a comprehensive database on all cities that were hubs of civil rights activity; and (2) obtain data for conducting rigorous tests of competing theories of movement consequences. By coding secondary historical accounts, the PI is creating systematic and comparable profiles of campaigns that include measures of protest, movement organizations and claims, interactions with political authorities and economic actors, and desegregation outcomes.Broader Impacts The research findings have the potential to deepen public understanding of the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was a key turning point in US history, but popular understanding hinges on a small number of campaigns. This study provides a comprehensive database and analysis of these campaigns. To advance this goal, the project will generate a website to disseminate profiles of desegregation campaigns useful for schools, libraries, museums, and the public. In addition, the project will facilitate training and mentorship of graduate students in historical methods and quantitative data analysis.