Desegregation Campaigns in the U.S. South

美国南部的废除种族隔离运动-1060262肯尼斯·安德鲁斯北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校摘要为什么一些社会运动成功了，而另一些却未能带来社会和政治变革？近年来，这一经久不衰的谜题得到了相当大的关注。这项研究考察了1960年至1964年间美国南部取消公共设施种族隔离的地方性运动的动态和后果。在1964年民权法案之前，许多南方城市经历了午餐柜台、酒店、剧院和其他机构的大幅废除种族隔离，但许多其他城市没有。尽管更广泛的运动追求广泛的目标，但废除种族隔离运动，如著名的伯明翰运动，是南方民权斗争的中心，面临着巨大的阻力。这项研究的结果可能会提高我们对社会运动及其后果的理解。该项目有两个主要目标：(1)建立一个公开可用的数据集，记录1960年至1964年间大约75个南方城市的废除种族隔离运动；(2)使用该数据集测试和扩展关于社会运动影响的主流理论。一些学者认为，组织、领导人和资源的特征以及运动使用的战略、战术和主张决定了运动的影响。其他人则关注更广泛社区的特征，认为更开放的政治体系、强大的盟友和薄弱的反对派有助于运动的成功。然而，其他学者认为，运动的影响取决于经济计算，例如抗议给企业带来的成本是否超过让步的成本。这个项目试图解释抗议的扩散、运动组织的增长以及成功运动运动的后果。通过对二级历史记录进行编码，该项目将对这些运动及其共同特点产生系统和可比较的概况，包括抗议措施、运动组织和索赔、与政治当局和经济行为者的互动以及废除种族隔离的结果。对这些大量的历史记录进行编码，也有助于通过比较来评估对运动影响的替代解释，执行对一个或几个案例的研究不可用的统计分析，并生成一个对其他学者有用的数据库。广泛影响这个项目的广泛影响包括开发新的研究策略，以及对历史学家和社会科学家有价值的公共数据集。学者们将能够通过纳入其他衡量标准，将数据扩展到1960年之前或1964年之后，并包括更多的城市，从而在此数据的基础上再接再厉。该项目将在学术期刊上发表文章，并为关注民权斗争、社会运动和种族平等历史的更广泛的读者撰写一本书。这一成果也可能加深广大市民对S民权运动的了解。民权运动是美国历史上的一个关键转折点，但民众的理解取决于少数事件。为了推进这一目标，该项目将建立一个网站，传播对学校、图书馆、博物馆和公众有用的废除种族隔离运动的概况。此外，该项目还将促进社会学研究生的培训和指导。

Desegregation Campaigns in the U.S. SouthSES - 1060262 Kenneth AndrewsUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillAbstractWhy do some social movements succeed while others fail to bring about social and political changes? This enduring puzzle has gained considerable attention in recent years. This study examines the dynamics and consequences of local campaigns to desegregate public accommodations in the U.S. South from 1960 to 1964. Many Southern cities experienced substantial desegregation of lunch counters, hotels, theaters and other establishments prior to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, but many others did not. Although the broader movement pursued a wide range of goals, desegregation campaigns, like the well known Birmingham campaign, were the center of the Southern civil rights struggle and faced massive resistance. Results from this research may improve our understanding of social movements and their consequences. This project has two primary goals: (1) to build a publically available dataset documenting the desegregation campaigns in approximately 75 Southern cities between 1960 and 1964 and (2) to use this dataset to test and extend prevailing theories of social movement impact. Some scholars argue that the characteristics of organizations, leaders, and resources and the strategies, tactics, and claims that movements use determine its impact. Others focus on characteristics of the broader community, arguing that more open political systems, powerful allies, and weak opposition facilitate movement success. Yet other scholars argue that movement impact depends on economic calculations, such as whether the costs of protest to businesses outweigh the costs of conceding.This project seeks to explain the diffusion of protest, the growth of movement organizations, and the consequences of successful movement campaigns. By coding secondary historical accounts, the project will generate systematic and comparable profiles of these campaigns and the characteristics they share, including measures of protest, movement organizations and claims, interactions with political authorities and economic actors, and desegregation outcomes. Coding this large number of historical accounts also facilitates assessing alternative explanations of movement impact through comparison, performing statistical analysis not available for studies of one or a few cases, and generating a database useful for other scholars.Broader ImpactsBroader impacts of this project include the development of novel research strategies, and a public dataset of value to historians and social scientists. Scholars will be able to build on this data by incorporating other measures, extending the data to the period before 1960 or after 1964, and including additional cities. The project will culminate in articles in academic journals and a book intended for the broader audience concerned with the history of the civil rights struggle, social movements, and racial equality. Results may also deepen the general public?s understanding of the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was a key turning point in US history, but popular understanding hinges on a small number of events. To advance this goal, the project will generate a website to disseminate profiles of desegregation campaigns useful for schools, libraries, museums, and the public. In addition, the project will facilitate training and mentorship of graduate students in sociology.