Doctoral Dissertation Research in Law and Social Sciences: Accountability in Multiple Fora After Extreme Mass Behavior

20世纪下半叶，国际体系从大规模极端行为被认为不应受到惩罚的行为，转变为通常被视为应受刑事处罚的行为。当事件公之于众时，事件发生的州现在被要求起诉责任人或允许国际法庭这样做的呼声所困扰。尽管对伸张正义的必要性日益达成共识，但对极端大规模行为的问责记录一直非常参差不齐。设立法院有时恰恰是为了在战时追究责任，但法院可能不会审理与邻国有关的案件。尽管许多人认为，在过去几十年里，一种要求在极端大规模行为后追究责任的全球规范已经形成并站稳脚跟，但这种说法并不能解释两对看似相似、几乎同时发生的案件的不同责任结果。由于问责机制是全球格局中一个日益高调的特征，解释在大规模极端行为之后何时以及如何提供问责将对国际和过渡时期司法的研究做出重大贡献。该项目依赖于一种战略问责理论，该理论综合了各种可能的结果以及国内和国际行为者之间讨价还价的作用。该项目评估了国家在大规模暴行后的问责行为，以及国际观众的反应。该项目采用混合方法，使用对原始数据集的定量分析来确定数据中的广泛模式，并对通过实地工作构建的案例研究进行过程跟踪以解释原因。该项目将把收集到的信息返还给相关政策制定者，从而协助改进司法机制。该项目还将有助于培训一名学生和传播有关问责制的信息。

The second half of the 20th century saw a shift from an international system in which acts of mass extreme behavior were considered unpunishable to one in which they are generally viewed as criminally culpable conduct. When events become public, the states where they occur are now beset by calls to either prosecute those responsible or allow an international court to do so. Despite the growing consensus on the need for justice, the record of accountability for extreme mass acts has been very uneven. Courts are sometimes set up precisely for the purpose of accountability during wartime, yet the courts may not hear cases concerning related events from neighboring countries. While many have argued that a global norm requiring accountability after extreme mass behavior has developed and taken hold over the past few decades, that claim does not account for the different accountability outcomes pairs of seemingly similar, nearly simultaneously-occurring, cases. Because accountability mechanisms are an increasingly high profile feature of the global landscape, explaining when and how accountability is provided in the aftermath of mass extreme behavior will be a significant contribution to the study of international and transitional justice. This project relies upon a strategic theory of accountability that integrates the range of possible outcomes and the role of bargaining between domestic and international actors. The project evaluates state accountability behavior in the aftermath of mass atrocity, and international audiences' reactions. The project employs a mixed methods approach, using quantitative analysis of an original dataset to identify broad patterns in the data, and process-tracing of case studies constructed through fieldwork to explain causation.The project will return the information gathered to relevant policymakers, therefore assisting in improving justice mechanisms. The project will also contribute to the training of a student and the dissemination of information about accountability.