Doctoral Dissertation Research: Hydration Strategies, Nutrition, and Health During Lifestyle Transitions

寻找安全的水在21世纪仍然是一个重要的挑战，因为超过11亿人无法获得清洁的水。在全球范围内，许多人正在经历快速的经济和环境变化，包括南美亚马逊地区的许多人。虽然社会科学强调生活方式的转变，或饮食、经济和文化活动的改变，会影响健康、疾病模式和身体成分，但在这些转变过程中，饮食用水量的作用被广泛忽视。补水策略，或人们如何通过各种食物和液体满足日常饮食用水需求，可以作为平衡营养和感染风险的饮食适应。生活方式的转变可能会造成补水策略和营养景观之间的不匹配。这项研究将解释补水策略如何与低地玻利维亚的Tsimane美洲印第安人的水合水平、病原体暴露和营养状况的变化有关，那里缺乏清洁的水。这项由博士候选人Asher Rosinger(佐治亚大学)在Susan Tanner博士的指导下进行的研究，将收集饮食、人体测量学、人种学和生物标记物数据，以解决以下目标：1)确定补水策略的差异是否与水合水平的变化、与水相关的疾病、免疫激活和身体成分有关；2)调查市场参与如何与补水策略的变化相关；以及3)记录无法获得清洁水的人如何与环境相互作用以满足日常用水需求。对生活方式转变的响应是理解的关键，因为它们提供了对人类营养和健康变化过去和未来趋势的洞察。由于饮食水合来源可以使人们接触病原体，但也提供卡路里，这项研究将提供对腹泻流行情况和亚马逊地区最近营养过剩模式的洞察，这些信息可以指导全球卫生干预。这项研究将为水摄入量建议提供信息，这些建议几乎完全依赖于工业化国家的数据。除了支持一名美国博士生的培训和专业发展外，该项目的结果将与社区讨论，转化为研究海报，分发给齐马内的学校，并在学术期刊上发表。

The search for safe water remains an important challenge in the 21st century as more than 1.1 billion people lack access to clean water. Globally, many populations are experiencing rapid economic and environmental change, including many in the South American Amazon region. While the social sciences emphasize that lifestyle transitions, or changes to dietary, economic, and cultural activities, affect health, disease patterns, and body composition, the role of dietary water use has been widely overlooked during these transitions. Hydration strategies, or how people meet their daily dietary water needs through a full spectrum of foods and liquids, may serve as dietary adaptations that balance nutrition and risk of infection. Lifestyle transitions may create a mismatch between hydration strategies and the nutritional landscape. This research will explain how hydration strategies are related to variation in hydration levels, pathogen exposure, and nutritional status among Tsimane' Amerindians in lowland Bolivia, where access to clean water is scarce.This study by doctoral candidate Asher Rosinger (University of Georgia), under the guidance of Dr. Susan Tanner, will collect dietary, anthropometric, ethnographic, and biological biomarker data to address the following aims: 1) Determine if differences in hydration strategies are associated with variation in hydration levels, water-related diseases and immune activation, and body composition; 2) Investigate how market participation is related to variation in hydration strategies; and 3) Document how people without access to clean water interact with their environment to meet their daily water needs.Responses to lifestyle transitions are critical to understand because they provide insight into past and future trends of human variation in nutrition and health. Because dietary hydration sources can expose people to pathogens but also provide calories, this research will provide insight into both diarrheal prevalence and the recent pattern of over-nutrition in Amazonia, information which can guide global health interventions. This study will inform water intake recommendations, which rely almost exclusively on data from industrialized countries. In addition to supporting the training and professional development of a US doctoral student, the project's results will be discussed with communities, turned into research posters to be disseminated to Tsimane' schools, and published in academic journals.