Experimental Studies of the Standard Model and Beyond at High Energy Colliders

概述：瑞士日内瓦欧洲核子研究中心(CERN)的大型强子对撞机(LHC)的一个实验目标是了解2012年在那里发现的希格斯玻色子的性质，并在基本粒子物理标准模型之外发现新的物理。这些目标与在宇宙大爆炸后极短的时间内对宇宙最基本的层次的理解有关，也与我们为什么会看到现在的宇宙有关。为了迎接这一探索的挑战，提出了新的理论，开发和建造了新的探测器和加速器，创造了新的计算和分析方法，所有这些都对短期内青年科学家的培训和长期内促进技术惠及社会产生了重大而广泛的影响。未来三年是大型强子对撞机物理计划从8TeV数据获取和操作的碰撞能量到扩展操作和数据获取能量的近两倍(13-14TeV)的过渡。来自美国的1000多名科学家参与了这一科学计划，涉及几个重大实验。智力上的优点：这项由纽约州立大学斯坦布鲁克分校粒子物理学小组获得的研究旨在从ATLAS实验收集的数据中解决关于宇宙本质的深层问题。ATLAS实验是大型强子对撞机的主要多用途探测器之一。涉及的科学问题包括：新发现的希格斯粒子是粒子物理标准模型预测的粒子，还是更大的理论图景的一部分，其中包括可能在新的更高碰撞能量下发现的新粒子？为什么观测到的希格斯玻色子的质量如此低，只有1260亿电子伏，或者说大约是质子质量的135倍？事实上，这种低质量值是所有科学中最深刻的谜题之一，目前正在推动粒子物理领域的大部分科学论述。在高能下，电弱相互作用的力载体--W玻色子和Z玻色子--的详细性质是什么？这些问题对于我们理解粒子物理标准模型的全部背景以及超越标准模型的新物理学至关重要。从技术上讲，该小组将为ATLAS热量计提供仪器和软件校准工具，使该小组能够委托并校准实验的这些重要组成部分。该小组也是ATLAS探测器第一阶段升级的主要领导者。它被称为第一阶段升级，因为它代表着实验仪器的第一次重大改进。这对实验的有效运行至关重要，因为束流相互作用(光度)的数量比当前水平增加了10倍，并将在本十年结束前提高新的科学发现的潜力。广泛影响：斯托尼布鲁克小组在管理ATLAS第一阶段升级中的领导作用通过支持技术人员以及教育和培训年轻科学研究人员在开发和部署用于高能、高光度实验的新的最先进仪器方面，扩大了美国一些大学小组的参与和贡献。

Overview: A goal of experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (the LHC) at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland is to understand the nature of the Higgs Boson, recently discovered there in 2012, and to discover new physics beyond the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics. These goals are relevant to the understanding of the Universe at its most fundamental level in the fleeting fraction of a second just after the Big Bang, and to why we see the Universe as we do now. To meet the challenges of this quest, new theories are advanced, new detectors and accelerators are developed and built, and new computing and analytical methodologies are created, all of which have significant broader impact for the training of young scientists in the near term and the advancement of technological benefits to society over the longer term. The next three years represent a transition of the LHC physics program from a collision energy of 8 TeV data-taking and operation, to extended operations and data taking at nearly double the energy, 13-14 TeV. Over a thousand scientists from the United States are involved with this scientific program on several major experiments.Intellectual Merit: The research to be conducted under this award to the Particle Physics group at the State University of New York at Stonybrook is aimed to address deep questions about the nature of the Universe from data collected with the ATLAS experiment, one of the major multipurpose detectors at the LHC. Scientific questions addressed include: Is the newly discovered Higgs particle the one predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics or is it a part of a larger theoretical picture that includes new particles that could be discovered at the new higher collision energy? Why is the observed mass of the Higgs boson so low, found to be 126 billion electron volts, or roughly 135 times the mass of the proton? In fact this low mass value is one of the most profound conundrums in all of science and is currently driving much of the scientific discourse in the field of particle physics. What are the detailed properties of the force carriers of the electroweak interaction, the W and Z bosons, at high energy? These questions are critical to our understanding of the full context of the Standard Model of particle physics and to new physics that lies beyond the Standard Model. Technically, the group will provide instrumentation and software calibration tools for the ATLAS calorimeters that will enable the group to commission and calibrate these important components of the experiment. The group is also a key leader in the Phase I Upgrade of the ATLAS detector. It is called the Phase I upgrade, because it represents the first major improvement in instrumentation for the experiment. This is essential for the effective operation of the experiment as the number of beam interactions (the luminosity) is increased by factor of ten over current levels, and will improve the potential for new scientific discoveries through the end of this decade.Broader Impact: The leadership role of the Stonybrook group in managing the ATLAS Phase I Upgrade serves to broaden the participation and contributions of a number of university groups in the US, through support of technical personnel and education and training of young scientific researchers in the development and deployment of new, state-of-the-art instrumentation for high energy, high luminosity experimentation.