Collaborative Research: High-Density, Cost-Effective Electrochemical Power Management with Real-Time Diagnostics

以小型到中型电池单元的大型阵列形式的电化学能量存储具有通过增强电网的能力和提高广泛的电力运输的可行性和接受度来提高美国能源独立性，效率和安全性的潜力。 随着电网的持续分散化以及低碳但间歇性可再生能源的日益普及，电化学存储可能在维持电网稳定性方面发挥关键作用，同时有助于管理发电和终端负载之间的能量流动。 然而，现代电池系统是复杂的，具有广泛的电化学过程，这些电化学过程是电池电压和电流的简单度量的基础。 当前电池管理系统（BMS）的局限性导致系统过度设计和操作远低于最大能量和功率能力，以最小化灾难性故障的风险并满足操作目标。 储能管理技术显然需要转型创新，特别是在分布式电力电子架构、控制系统和诊断的交叉点。 该项目将支持跨越这些至关重要的领域的合作努力，同时还通过参与本科教学，K-12学生和公众来支持一系列更广泛的影响活动。在合作项目中，达特茅斯的研究人员将开发一种新型的高度集成电力电子器件，用于管理大型阵列中的单个电池，其将受益于低成本半导体批量制造、摩尔定律缩放以及在效率与功率密度方面的前所未有的性能。 达特茅斯团队还将开发一个多目标控制系统，在电力电子平台上实施，以提供基于电化学阻抗谱（EIS）的实时诊断。 普林斯顿大学的研究人员将在嵌入式系统和软件层面支持该平台的构建，并将开发用于实时测量单个电池的荷电状态（SOC）、健康状态（SOH）和未决故障模式的诊断工具集。 为了表征系统并研究EIS故障模式特征，普林斯顿大学的团队将设计一系列具有已知特性和缺陷的电池。 这将为健康状况诊断开辟新的维度，并提供在多个时间常数制度中识别重要物理现象的能力。 通过为经济高效、高粒度的管理和诊断提供现实的路线图，该合作有可能提高安全性、性能和循环寿命，同时支持减少组件过度构建和总体成本。

Electrochemical energy storage in the form of large arrays of small to medium sized battery cells has the potential to improve U.S. energy independence, efficiency, and security by enhancing the capabilities of the electrical grid and increasing the viability and acceptance of widespread electric transportation. With the ongoing decentralization of the electrical grid and the growing penetration of low-carbon, but intermittent, renewable energy sources, electrochemical storage may play a critical role in maintaining grid stability while helping to manage energy flow between generation and end-load. However, modern battery systems are complex with a wide range electrochemical processes that underlie the simple metrics of cell voltage and current. Limitations of current battery management systems (BMS) result in system overdesign and operation well below maximum energy and power capabilities to minimize risk of catastrophic failure and meet operational targets. There is a clear need for transformational innovation in energy storage management technology, especially at the intersection of distributed power electronics architectures, control systems, and diagnostics. This project will support a collaborative effort that spans these areas of critical importance, while also supporting a range of broader impact activities through engagement in undergraduate teaching, K-12 students, and the general public.In the collaborative project, researchers at Dartmouth will develop a new class of highly-integrated power electronics, used to manage individual cells in a large array, which will benefit from low-cost semiconductor batch fabrication, Moore's law scaling, and unprecedented performance in terms of efficiency versus power density. The Dartmouth team will also develop a multi-objective control system, implemented on top of the power electronics platform, to provide real-time diagnostics based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Researchers at Princeton will support construction of the platform at the embedded systems and software level and will develop the diagnostic toolset used to measure the state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and pending failure modes of individual cells in real-time. To characterize the system and study EIS failure mode signatures, the Princeton team will design a series of batteries with known characteristics and flaws. This will open new dimensions in state-of-health diagnosis and provide the ability to fingerprint important physical phenomena across multiple time-constant regimes. By providing a realistic roadmap to cost-effective, highly-granular management and diagnostics, the collaboration has the potential to improve safety, performance, and cycle life while supporting reductions in pack overbuild and overall cost.