EAPSI: Identifying the feasibility and cost effectiveness of ozone as a treatment technology in water reuse systems

水回用是指对废水进行深度处理，以便有意识地进行回用，例如灌溉或饮用水，通常与水资源短缺有关。一些水污染物是消毒的结果。N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）是饮用水作为饮用水再利用时特别关注的污染物之一，因为它被认为是致癌物或致癌剂。这项研究将调查使用臭氧，以减少NDMA的形成在水回用系统。澳大利亚是水再利用项目的领导者，部分原因是其干旱的气候和有限的水供应。这项研究将与澳大利亚科廷大学的Jeff Charrois博士和Cynthia Joll博士合作进行，他们是NDMA和水再利用方面的著名专家。臭氧是消毒、非选择性破坏潜在有害有机化合物以及去除味道、气味和颜色的有效处理方法。然而，一些处理过的废水含有在处理过程中与臭氧反应直接形成NDMA的化合物。由于通过臭氧化形成NDMA的化合物或前体尚未得到很好的确定，因此确定NDMA形成潜力的唯一方法是通过直接测试。目前，澳大利亚的水回用项目不使用臭氧作为处理步骤。本研究的目的是：1）确定澳大利亚废水直接与臭氧形成NDMA的潜力，2）调查预氯化作为一种策略，以减少NDMA形成与臭氧，和3）评估不同的水回用处理方案的成本和效率，有和没有臭氧，NDMA去除。这个NSF EAPSI奖是与澳大利亚科学院合作资助的。

Water reuse refers to the advanced treatment of wastewater for intentional reuse options, such as irrigation or drinking water, and it is usually associated with water scarcity. Some water contaminants occur as a result of disinfection. N- Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is one of those contaminants of particular concern for potable water reuse as drinking water, since it is believed to be a carcinogen or cancer-causing agent. This research will investigate the use of ozone to reduce NDMA formation in water reuse systems. Australia is a leader in water reuse projects, which is in part due to their arid climate and limited water supply. This research will be conducted in collaboration with Drs. Jeff Charrois and Cynthia Joll, who are noted experts on NDMA and water reuse, at Curtin University in Australia. Ozone is an effective treatment for disinfection, non-selective destruction of potentially harmful organic compounds, and removal of taste, odor and color. However, some treated wastewaters contain compounds that react with ozone to directly form NDMA during treatment. Since the compounds or precursors that form NDMA with ozonation are not well established, the only way to determine the potential for NDMA formation is through direct testing. At this time, Australian water reuse projects do not use ozone as a treatment step. The aims of this research are to 1) determine the potential of Australian wastewaters for direct NDMA formation with ozone, 2) investigate pre-chlorination as a strategy to reduce NDMA formation with ozone, and 3) evaluate the cost and efficiency of different water reuse treatment scenarios, with and without ozone, for NDMA removal. This NSF EAPSI award is funded in collaboration with the Australian Academy of Science.