Building a Common Framework for Understanding the Dimensions of Achromatic Perception: Brightness, Lightness and Perceived Illumination

确定人类消色差视觉感知的基本机制对于理解人类视觉的整体运作具有重要意义。该方案涉及亮度、亮度和透明度感知，主要目的是了解视觉系统如何将入射光模式解析为表面反射率和照明强度的单独表示。这项研究可能会对视觉显示、虚拟现实系统、人工视觉系统和有效照明系统的设计产生影响。该项目将北达科他州的基础研究目标与本科生培训以及公众宣传相结合。虽然进入视觉系统的初始视觉信息是眼睛（视网膜）背面的光强分布（图像），但视网膜图像本身本质上是模糊的，因为视网膜图像中每个点的强度是由入射光（照明）和表面反射率的乘积给出的。如果没有额外的信息（或先前的假设），就不能唯一地确定这些原因的相对贡献。这在视觉中被称为“反问题”。本研究的目标是确定视觉系统用来解决这个问题的先验假设和处理策略。在实验中，观察者在均匀照明下，在可见阴影和透明存在的情况下，对表面（渲染和真实）进行表观强度（亮度）和表观反射率（亮度）匹配。行为反应和瞳孔反应都将被测量。在仔细控制的实验条件下测量亮度和亮度感知，预计将增加当前对视觉系统如何将入射光模式解析为表面反射率和照明强度的可分离组件的理解，从而使感知的照明发生。研究人员的最终目标是解释为什么人们对光线的判断准确度经常会有所不同。

Determining the basic mechanisms of human achromatic visual perception is important to understanding the operation of human vision as a whole. This proposal is concerned with lightness, brightness and transparency perception, and is aimed primarily at understanding how the visual system parses incoming patterns of light into separate representations of surface reflectance and illumination intensity. The research could have implications for the design of visual displays, virtual reality systems, artificial vision systems, and effective lighting systems. The project integrates the basic research goals with the training of undergraduate students as well as public outreach in the state of North Dakota. Though the initial visual information entering the visual system is a distribution of light intensity (an image) on the back surface of the eye (the retina), the retinal image itself is inherently ambiguous because the intensity at each point in the retinal image is given by the product of the amount of incident light (illumination) and the surface reflectance. Without additional information (or prior assumptions), the relative contributions of these causes cannot be uniquely determined. This is known as the "inverse problem" in vision. The goal of the proposed research is to identify the prior assumptions and processing strategies that the visual system uses to solve this problem. In the experiments, observers make apparent intensity (brightness) and apparent reflectance (lightness) matches of surfaces (both rendered and real) under homogeneous illumination and in the presence of visible shadows and transparencies. Both behavioral responses and pupillary responses will be measured. Measuring both brightness and lightness perception under the carefully controlled conditions of the experiments is expected to increase current understanding of how the visual system parses incoming patterns of light into the separable components of surface reflectance and illumination intensity in the computations that enable perceived lighting to occur. The investigators ultimately aim to explain why people often vary in the accuracy of their judgments about lighting.