Doctoral Dissertation Research: Competition Theory, Conflict, and Indigenous Peoples

这项研究探索了1850年至1865年加州针对土著人民的种族暴力的结构性和集体决定因素。在这方面，暴力包括国家行动和平民私刑暴徒、义务警员党和个人杀人造成的杀戮。本研究采用“调解竞争”的方法，认为潜在不满形成的结构性来源是暴力民族动员的必要但不充分的基础，本研究的重点是如何以各种方式动员具有不同程度杀伤力的行为者，以镇压国家的土著人口。在分析上，本研究采用了独特的多方法方法。首先，为了解释暴力受害的时间和强度的差异，调查人员将构建一个原始的历史数据集，记录该州大约780起反土著暴力事件，以及相关的县级政治、经济和人口状况。将采用模糊集定性比较分析(FsQCA)来具体说明这些结构性决定因素与中观机制相结合的确切方式，以在不同的县和区域产生不同程度的土著受害。接下来，使用正式技术，fsQCA结果将被用来指定理论上相关的地区，这些地区代表着不同的暴力动员“微气候”。关于这些区域的详细定性数据将被用来通过探索促进或抑制动员的中层机制来补充结构洞察力。由于该项目原始历史数据集的潜在学术和证据价值，调查人员将向教师、教育工作者和公众提供量化数据集和相关的定性材料。它还将制作学术材料，充实有关美国在加州殖民暴力的越来越多的历史文献，系统地、从理论上了解不同州和公民行为者之间的暴力动员的具体模式。研究结果和数据将以一种支持研究、教育、政策和社区组织的方式传播，这些研究、教育、政策和社区组织与历史土著司法专题和当代补救工作有关。这些结果可以为研究向民主过渡的社会中的种族镇压和暴力问题的广泛社会科学学者的工作提供参考。

This research explores the structural and collective determinants of ethnic violence against indigenous peoples in California, from 1850 to 1865. In this context, violence encompasses killings resulting from both state operations and civilian lynch mobs, vigilante parties, and individual homicides. By employing a "mediated competition" approach, which argues that structural sources of potential grievance formation are a necessary but insufficient basis for violent ethnic mobilization, this research focuses on how actors mobilized in various ways, with varying degrees of lethality, to suppress the indigenous population of the state. Analytically, this research employs a unique multi-methods approach. First, to explain variability in the timing and intensity of violent victimization, the investigators will construct an original historical dataset that documents roughly 780 incidents of anti-indigenous violence in the state, as well as relevant county-level political, economic, and demographic conditions. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) will be employed to specify the precise ways in which these structural determinants combined with meso-level mechanisms to produce varying levels of indigenous victimization in different counties and regions. Next, using formal techniques, the fsQCA results will be used to specify theoretically relevant regions that represent divergent "micro-climates" of violent mobilization. Detailed qualitative data on these regions will then be used to compliment structural insights with an exploration of meso-level mechanisms that either facilitated or inhibited mobilization.Because of the potential scholarly and evidentiary value of the project's original historical dataset, the investigators will make the quantitative dataset and relevant qualitative materials accessible to teachers, educators, and the public. It will also produce scholarly material augmenting a growing historical literature on American colonial violence in California, with a systematic and theoretically informed account of specific patterns of violent mobilization among different state and civic actors. Research findings and data will be disseminated in a manner to support research, education, policy and community organizing related to historical indigenous justice topics and contemporary remedial efforts. Results can inform the work of a wide range of social science scholars working on ethnic repression and violence in societies transitioning to democracy.