Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements, 2015-2020

地球的气候正在发生变化，在一些地区有很大的自然年代际变化。最重要和最基本的气候系统组成部分是海洋的热量、淡水、碳含量和运输，它们直接与大气层和冰冻圈气候系统的其他基本组成部分相互作用。反过来，海洋的碳含量、碳酸盐饱和状态、氧气和营养物质的相关变异性和趋势影响其内部生物环境，并伴随着显著的大范围区域变化。这项关于海洋碳循环和环流的联合研究对于确定海洋环流变化可能对未来人为碳吸收产生严重后果的关键区域至关重要。全球变暖导致的海洋热量和淡水运输的变化，可能会影响循环，正在通过这些长期测量进行跟踪。迄今为止的结果表明，深海正在变暖，吸收了整个地球系统30%的过剩热量，导致上层海洋的环流模式和通风率发生了变化。已经绘制了从大气到海洋的人为碳吸收图，表明海洋正在酸化。海洋温跃层中的氧浓度正在下降，热带最低含氧区正在扩大。该项目基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，需要通过公认的国际数据中心迅速和免费地提供给广大社区。该项目将继续促进研究生、博士后科学家和出海工作新科学家的培训和学习。在机会出现时，将继续开展外联活动。过去十年(2003-2014年)对选定海洋水文区段进行的有系统的全球重新占领将延长至2015-2020年期间，其目标仍然是量化整个海洋深度的变化。该项目支持美国CLIVAR(气候可变性和可预测性)和碳科学计划，是全球物理气候和碳系统观测系统的组成部分。这一长期项目继续促进下列相互重叠的科学目标：模型校准、验证和基于模型的综合的数据；碳系统研究；热量和淡水储存和通量研究；深水和浅水质量和通风研究；以及自主传感器的校准。通过将碳、示踪剂和水文测量界的科学需求结合起来，将继续实现重大的科学协同效应和成本节约。除了效率，这种协调的方法产生的科学进步超过了单独进行计划的科学进步。平均每年将举办两个部分，有时与国际合作伙伴合作。在每个区段上进行的测量包括水文地理(盐度、温度、氧气、营养物、洋流的全深度垂直剖面)、在航面温度、盐度、二氧化碳分压(二氧化碳分压)、海-气通量、水深测量、航海测量(海洋和海洋)、碳系统(溶解无机碳、二氧化碳分压)。总碱度、pH、溶解有机碳和氮)以及瞬时示踪剂。该项目将收集数据，并执行参考质量数据提供者通常采取的质量控制措施。巡航后的数据更新、分发和存档将继续由拥有单独资金的团体管理。这一正在进行的项目与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大国际努力相结合。

Earth's climate is changing, with large natural decadal variability in some regions. Among the most important and basic climate system components are the heat, freshwater, and carbon content and transport of the oceans, which directly interact with other essential components of the climate system in the atmosphere and cryosphere. In turn the associated variability and trends in the ocean's carbon content, carbonate saturation state, oxygen, and nutrients impact its internal biological environment, with notable large-scale regional changes. This joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation is critical to identify critical areas where changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic carbon uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, are being followed through these long-term measurements. Results to date have shown that the abyssal ocean is warming, taking up to 30% of the excess heat in the entire Earth system, leading to changes in circulation patterns and ventilation rates in the upper ocean. The uptake of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean has been mapped and shows that the oceans are acidifying. Oxygen concentrations are declining in the ocean thermocline, and tropical oxygen minimum zones are expanding. The project is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community and need to be made quickly and freely available to the community at large through a recognized international data center. The project will continue to promote training and learning for graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists in sea-going work. Outreach activities will continue as opportunities arise.The systematic and global re-occupation of select ocean hydrographic sections conducted for the past decade (2003-2014) will be extended into the 2015-2020 period with the continued objective of quantifying changes in the full-depth ocean. The project is in support of the U.S. CLIVAR (CLImate Variability and predictability) and the Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. This long-standing project continues to contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon, tracer and hydrographic communities, major scientific synergies and cost savings will continue to be achieved. In addition to efficiency, the coordinated approach produces scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. An average of two sections will be conducted every year, sometime collaboratively with international partner. The measurements made on each section include hydrography (full-depth vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nutrients, currents), Underway surface temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), air-sea fluxes, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO2. Total Alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), and transient tracers. This project will collect the data and perform the quality control measures routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will continue to be managed by groups with separate funding. This ongoing project is integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.