Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant: Accessing Social Geographies in Late Glacial Franco-Cantabria

在国家科学基金会的支持下，纽约大学的兰德尔白色博士和约翰奥哈拉将促进对狩猎采集群体的社会行为和相互关系的理解，这些群体在上一个冰河时代结束时使北方欧洲变得更加强大。最后一次冰期的高峰期，被称为末次冰期最大值（LGM），发生在大约26，500 - 19，000年前（26.5- 19 ka BP）。在这个时候，欧洲大部分地区的人口都减少了，除了南欧被称为避难所的庇护地区，那里庇护的当地环境使生存成为可能。19- 11.5kaBP的后期气候振荡剧烈，最终恢复到接近现代的气候条件。这一时期也见证了人口的扩张，欧洲大片地区被称为抹大拉的文化情结所同化。虽然逐渐改善的气候无疑发挥了作用，这些社会的快速扩张速度，特别是在18- 16 ka BP期间，表明高度移动的群体积极进入不熟悉的景观，同时与严重的气候不稳定。尽管有明显的逆境，这些小规模的晚冰期狩猎采集者群体为北方欧洲大片地区的所有连续人口建立了人口基础：因此，晚冰期的游牧化是现代欧洲和欧洲后裔人口统计史上的重要过程。本项目研究了从这一时期恢复的个人饰品，以深入了解社会地理，交换网络和狩猎采集者在法国-坎塔布里亚避难所的流动战略-一个人口来源地区，包括法国西南部和西班牙北方-之前和期间的殖民化。对抹大拉社交网络的分析将加深对这些史前社会如何管理不稳定的环境通量的理解，提出气候变化对小规模非工业化社会的社会组织或重组的潜在影响，并为当代气候科学的学术研究增加考古学的维度。该项目将对从1949年的抹大拉遗址中发现的所有装饰品进行类型学综合。Franco-Cantabria，由此产生的数据库询问区域或时间顺序图案的装饰偏好。随后将对来自美国20个抹大拉遗址的装饰品的修改、装饰和使用技术进行直接、深入的技术分析，法国和西班牙。最后，将利用稳定同位素地球化学分析一些装饰性穿孔牙齿的来源。背景锶（87 Sr/86 Sr）和氧（Δ 18 O）值将通过分析现代地质样本和马格德林时期的饮食动物遗迹来确定，之后分析马格德林时期的穿孔牙齿将有助于确定这些物体的地理来源。装饰物在景观中的运动与个人流动性和物品的线下交换密切相关;装饰物运动的语境化分析将使这些问题得到解决，从而促进对抹大拉的佛朗哥-坎塔布里亚社会地理的理解，以及促使人口扩张的社会结构。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Randall White and John O'Hara of New York University will advance understanding of the social behavior and inter-relationships of the hunter-gatherer groups which recolonized Northern Europe towards the end of the last Ice Age. The peak of the last glacial period, known as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), occured approximately 26,500-19,000 years ago (26.5-19ka BP). At this time, most of Europe was depopulated save for sheltered parts of southern Europe known as refugia, where the sheltered local environment made survival possible. The subsequent period from 19-11.5ka BP was characterized by severe climatic oscillation before ultimately ameliorating to near present conditions. This period also witnessed the expansion of human populations, with large swathes of Europe recolonized by a cultural complex known as the Magdalenian. Although a gradually ameliorating climate undoubtedly played a role, the rapid expansion rates of these societies, particularly in the period 18-16ka BP, indicates highly mobile groups actively moving into unfamiliar landscapes while contending with severe climatic instability. Despite the apparent adversity, these small groups of Late Glacial hunter-gatherers established the demographic base for all successive populations across huge swathes of Northern Europe: the Late Glacial recolonization is therefore a process of importance in the demographic history of modern European and European-descent populations. This project examines the personal ornaments recovered from this period to gain insight into the social geographies, exchange networks and mobility strategies of hunter gatherers in the Franco-Cantabrian refugium - a demographic source region comprising south-western France and northern Spain - prior to and during the period of recolonization. Analysis of Magdalenian social networks will enhance understanding of how these prehistoric societies managed erratic environmental flux, suggest the potential implications of climate change on the social organization - or reorganization - of small-scale, non-industrialized societies, and add an archaeological dimension to contemporary scholarship on climate science.This project will construct a typological synthesis of all ornaments recovered from Magdalenian sites in Franco-Cantabria, with the resulting database interrogated for regional or chronological patterning in ornament preference. This will be followed by direct, in depth technological analysis of techniques of modification, decoration and use of a number of ornaments from twenty Magdalenian sites, housed at institutions in the U.S., France and Spain. Finally, analysis of source of a number of decorative perforated teeth will be undertaken using stable isotope geochemistry. Background strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (ä18O) values will be established by analysis of modern geological samples and Magdalenian-period dietary faunal remains, after which analysis of Magdalenian perforated teeth will allow the identification of the geographic origin of these objects. The movement of ornaments across the landscape is closely tied to both personal mobility and to the down-the-line exchange of objects; contextualized analysis of ornament movement will allow these issues to be addressed, thereby advancing understanding of the social geographies of Magdalenian Franco-Cantabria, and the social structures which precipitated demographic expansion.