Word formation in Kallawaya: nominal compounding and noun incorporation

拟议的后续项目将涉及卡拉瓦亚语中名词复合和名词合并的构词过程，卡拉瓦亚语是一种混合的秘密语言，由玻利维亚西北部的喀喀湖附近的草药医生使用。卡拉瓦亚语的语法很大程度上来自南部的盖丘亚语，而现在已经灭绝且文献记载不多的普基纳语据说是主要的词缀语言。Kallawaya是从一个转变的情况下出现的，其中一个前普基纳语社区转移到克丘亚语，从而失去了相当数量的普基纳词汇。我们假设，名词合成和名词合并的构词过程是通过在Pukina和Kallawaya词汇项目的基础上创造新词来取代丢失的Pukina词汇的手段。 为了研究这些构词过程并将其与卡拉瓦耶语秘密词汇联系起来，本文提出了三个研究步骤：1）从本项目创建的卡拉瓦耶语数据库中选择所有名词复合和名词合并的实例; 2）根据形态、语义和词源标准对这些选择的形式进行分类;（3）对这两个数据库在选择和分类名词性复合词和名词性复合词时所采用的标准进行评价。 为了研究卡拉瓦亚语的复合和合并，这些构词过程的一般类型学特征以及更具体的语言标准将被考虑。也就是说，名词性复合词将从中心语性以及中心语和非中心语成分之间的语法关系方面进行研究。此外，它们将被分类为根化合物或合成化合物。关于名词的修饰，将考察被并入成分的词类和形态，以及动词和被并入的名词之间的语义关系。此外，并入动词的配价也将被考虑在内。关于复合词或合并词的语义域的问题可以归因于，关于构式的词源构成的问题旨在将复合词和合并词与卡拉瓦亚语秘密词汇联系起来。 拟议中的调查将是第一次检查Kallawaya的构词过程。因此，它不仅与秘密语言的研究有关，而且通过对构词数据库的贡献，从更广泛的类型学角度来看也是相关的。

The proposed follow-up project will be concerned with the word formation processes of nominal compounding and noun incorporation in Kallawaya, which is a mixed and secret language, spoken by initiated herbalists in north-western Bolivia, near Lake Titicaca. The grammar of Kallawaya derives largely from a southern Quechua variety, while nowadays extinct and poorly documented Pukina is said to have been the main lexifier language. Kallawaya arose from a shift situation, where a former Pukina speaking community shifted to Quechua, thereby losing a considerable amount of Pukina lexical items. It is hypothesised that the word formation processes of nominal compounding and noun incorporation are means to replace the lost Pukina vocabulary by creating new words on the basis of Pukina and Kallawaya lexical items. In order to investigate these word formation processes and to relate them to the secret lexicon of Kallawaya, three steps of research are proposed: 1) Selection of all instances of nominal compounding and noun incorporation from the Kallawaya database created in the current project; 2) classification of these selected forms according to morphological, semantic, and etymological criteria; these selected forms will be sorted into two databases; 3) evaluation of these two databases with respect to the criteria applied in selecting and classifying nominal compounds and noun incorporations. For studying compounding and incorporation in Kallawaya, general typological features of these word formation processes as well as more language-specific criteria will be considered. That is, nominal compounds will be investigated with respect to headedness and the grammatical relation that holds between the head and the non-head component(s). Moreover, they will be classified as either root or synthetic compounds. Regarding noun incorporations, the word class and the morphological form of the incorporated element will be examined as will be the semantic relationship between the verb and its incorporated noun. In addition, the valency of the incorporating verb will also be taken into account. The questions about the semantic domain a compound or an incorporation can be attributed to as well as that about the etymological composition of a construction aim at relating compounding and incorporation to the secret Kallawaya lexicon. The proposed investigation will be the first that examines word formation processes in Kallawaya. It is therefore of relevance not only for the study of secret languages, but also from a broader typological perspective by contributing to the database on word formation.