CAREER: Radio and gravitational-wave emission from the largest explosions since the Big Bang

伽玛射线暴（GRB）是宇宙中能量最大的现象，在遥远的星系中很少观察到。 它们被认为是在超新星爆炸发生时产生的，或者是双中子星合并，并且一束狭窄的物质以高度相对论的速度喷射出来。该奖项资助了一个解决与GRB相关的几个悬而未决的问题的计划：即它们与超新星的联系，它们与紧凑的二元合并的联系以及它们冲击周围物质时的相对论喷出物的组成。 该项目将重点研究已知与GRB有关的唯一类型的超新星，称为BL Ic型。PI和她的团队将把在Palomar瞬变工厂对这些物体的联合收割机观测与在Jansky甚大阵列（VLA）进行的后续无线电发射测量相结合，以寻找GRB特征。 使用最近升级带来的VLA的新功能。 他们还计划用Advanced LIGO进行引力波测量。 这项工作还包括一个大的教育部分，将提供天空的无线电图像和课堂活动，高中教师和大学生。 PI还将为当地高中教师举办年度研讨会，以帮助传播科学知识并促进对天文学的兴趣。 大部分交流将由德克萨斯理工大学克拉克学者项目的高中生进行，他们将制作传单供公众分发。 PI还将培训和指导研究生和本科生以及博士后研究学者。观测将在早期（探测的10-30天）和晚期（100-1000天）进行，以分别寻找伽马射线暴喷流的轻度相对论性喷出物和离轴余辉的观测特征。 VLA数据将与Palomar 60英寸望远镜的光学观测相结合，为模型测试提供宽带数据集。 PI还将使用Swift/UVOT和GCN中发布的其他光学数据来测试无线电发射是否伴随着反向冲击光学耀斑，或者由前向冲击主导。 帕洛玛观测也将用于寻找伽马射线暴的光学对应物。 该团队还将寻找第一个离轴GRB，这是由GRB喷气模型预测的，但到目前为止还没有发现。 此外，这项工作将有助于我们理解非常大质量的恒星（质量超过太阳20倍的恒星），这些恒星在理解早期宇宙的电离和金属丰度研究方面发挥着关键作用，当时许多这些恒星可能已经为早期宇宙播下了黑洞的种子。

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic phenomena in the universe and are rarely observed in distant galaxies. They are thought to be created when a supernova explosion occurs, or binary neutron stars merge, and a narrow beam of material is ejected at highly relativistic speeds. This award funds a program to address several open questions associated with GRBs: namely their connection to supernovae, their connection to compact binary mergers and the composition of their relativistic ejecta as it shocks the surrounding material. This project will focus on studying the only type of supernovae known to be associated with GRBs, which are called type BL Ic. The PI and her team will combine observations of these objects at the Palomar Transient Factory with follow-up radio emission measurements done at the Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to search for GRB signatures. Using new capabilities of the VLA brought about by the recent upgrade. They also plan to conduct gravitational wave measurements with Advanced LIGO. This work also includes a large educational component, which will provide radio images of the sky and in-class activities to high school teachers and college students. The PI will also conduct annual seminars to teachers of local high schools in order to help spread scientific literacy and promote excitement about astronomy. Much of this communication will be carried out by high school students in the Texas Tech U Clark Scholars program, who will create flyers for public distribution. The PI will also train and mentor graduate and undergraduate students and a postdoctoral scholar in research. The observations will be carried out at early-time (10-30 days of detection) and late-time (100-1000 days) in order to search for observational signatures of mildly relativistic ejecta and off-axis afterglow from a GRB jet, respectively. The VLA data will be coupled with optical observations from the Palomar 60-inch telescope to provide a broad-band dataset for model testing. The PI will also will use Swift/UVOT and other optical data published in GCNs to test whether radio emission is accompanied by a reverse shock optical flare, or else dominated by the forward shock. The Palomar observations will also be used to search for the optical counterpart of the GRB. The team will also search for the first off-axis GRB, which is predicted by the GRB jet model, but so far not detected. Also, this work will be contribute to our understanding of very massive stars (those with more than 20 times the mass of the Sun), which play a key role in understanding ionization and metallicity studies of the early Universe, when many of these stars may have seeded the early Universe with black holes.