RUI: Searching for Gamma-Ray Burst and Fast Radio Burst Counterparts in LIGO Gravitational Wave Data

从最初探测到来自双黑洞合并的引力波（GW）开始，现在继续第一次探测到来自与伽马射线暴（GRB）相关的双中子星合并的引力波，真正的GW天文学时代已经开始。对双中子星合并GW170817的GWs探测，与同时发生的GRB探测GRB 170817A，以及在电磁波谱中发现相关余辉的电磁跟踪活动相结合，对了解短GRB的前身、千新星和中子星状态方程产生了重大影响。这些观测和发现的集合已经展示了多信使天文学的能力。先进激光干涉仪引力波天文台（LIGO）和法国-意大利处女座探测器第一次和第二次观测的成功现在正在扩大，因为这些探测器开始以前所未有的灵敏度观测宇宙，从2019年4月开始进行第三次观测。该奖项将支持寻找与新的GRB事件相关的GWs，迄今为止只进行了一次同步探测。该奖项还将支持与快速射电暴（FRB）相关的gw的搜索，FRB是2007年由射电望远镜首次探测到的极短且能量极高的射电暴。快速射电暴的前身是完全未知的，许多天文学家正在积极尝试探测更多的此类事件，以了解可能导致它们的原因。任何与快速射电暴相关的GW探测都将大大增加对这些神秘事件的天体物理起源的理解。该奖项将通过培养本科生和硕士生，使他们成为能够进行国际公认水平研究的能干的科学研究人员，成为下一代引力波天文学家，从而支持发展一支多元化的、具有全球竞争力的STEM劳动力队伍。正如GW170817的多信使观测所证明的那样，将GWs与电磁探测相结合的探测大大提高了对高能事件天体物理学的理解。该奖项将支持对紧凑型双星合并源的相干匹配滤波搜索，以寻找与grb相关的GWs。这些搜索将根据宣布的GRB探测结果进行，任何探测到的GWs都将向天文学界公布，以便及时跟进。这种搜索利用外部触发的天空位置提供的信息，将GW探测网络的有效灵敏度扩展到全天搜索之外。在LIGO的第三次和第四次观测中发现的与grb相关的GWs和处女座的补充数据将使中子星的天体物理特性得到更好的约束。此外，这些双中子星合并源的完整电磁发射模型将在未来的多信使观测中得到完善。该奖项还将支持对与快速射电暴（FRB）相关的GWs进行连贯的、基于模板的搜索。目前，快速射电暴祖源的模型约束很差，由于迄今为止探测到的暴的缺乏和缺乏多光谱观测的结合，很少有候选祖源被淘汰。如果在LIGO和处女座的数据中通过基于模板的搜索检测到GW，并发现它与快速射电暴有关，这将立即表明快速射电暴的来源是双中子星合并或中子星-黑洞合并。同时，如果在这次搜索中没有发现一致的探测，这将更好地约束快速射电暴祖先的模型。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Starting with the initial detection of gravitational waves (GW) from a binary black hole merger, and now continuing with the first detection of GWs from a binary neutron star merger associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB), the era of true GW astronomy has begun. The detection of GWs from the binary neutron star merger, GW170817, when combined with the coincident GRB detection, GRB 170817A, and the electromagnetic follow-up campaign that discovered associated afterglows across the electromagnetic spectrum, has had a significant impact on the understanding of the progenitors of short GRBs, kilonovae, and the equation of state of neutron stars. This collection of observations and discoveries has demonstrated the capabilities of multi-messenger astronomy with the addition GWs. These successes of the first and second Observing Runs of The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the French-Italian Virgo detector are now being expanded upon, as these detectors began observing the universe at sensitivities never before achieved in their third Observing Run, starting in April of 2019. This award will support the search for GWs associated with new GRB events, for which only one coincident detection has so far been made. The award will also support the search for GWs associated with fast radio bursts (FRB), which are extremely short-lived and extremely energetic bursts radio waves first detected by radio telescopes in 2007. The progenitors of FRBs are completely unknown, and many astronomers are actively trying to detect more of these events to learn what might cause them. Any detection of a GW associated with a FRB would result in a significant increase in the understanding of the astrophysical origin of these mysterious events. The award will support the development of a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce through the training of undergraduate and masters students to become competent scientific researchers able to conduct research at the internationally recognized level as the next generation of gravitational-wave astronomers.As was demonstrated with the multi-messenger observations of GW170817, combined detections of GWs with electromagnetic detections have significantly advanced the understanding of astrophysics of high-energy events. This award will support the search for GWs associated with GRBs using a coherent, matched-filter search for compact binary coalescence sources. These searches will be conducted in response to announced GRB detections, and any GWs detected will be announced to the astronomical community for prompt follow-up. This search extends the effective sensitivity of the GW detection network beyond that of an all-sky search by using the information provided by the external trigger's sky location. Additional detections of GWs associated with GRBs in the third and fourth observing runs of LIGO and complimentary Virgo data will enable the astrophysical properties of neutron stars to be better constrained. Additionally, the full electromagnetic emission model for these binary neutron star merger sources will be refined with future multi-messenger observations. This award will also support the coherent, template-based search for GWs associated with fast radio bursts (FRB). Currently, the models of FRB progenitors are poorly constrained, and very few candidate progenitor sources have been eliminated due to a combination of the paucity of bursts detected thus far and a lack of multispectral observations. If a GW were detected with a template-based search in LIGO and Virgo data and found to be associated with a FRB, this would immediately indicate that the source of FRBs are binary neutron star mergers or neutron star-black hole mergers. At the same time, if no coincident detections are made in this search, this will better constrain models of the FRB progenitors.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.