RUI: Searching for Gamma-Ray Burst and Fast Radio Burst Counterparts in LIGO Gravitational Wave Data

从最初探测到的引力波（GW）从一个双黑洞合并，现在继续从一个双中子星星合并与伽玛射线暴（GRB）的GW的第一次检测，真正的GW天文学的时代已经开始。从二进制中子星星合并，GW 170817，GRB 170817 A，发现相关的余辉在整个电磁频谱的电磁后续活动相结合时，GWs的检测，有显着的影响的理解的祖先短GRB，kilonovae，和状态方程的中子星。这些观测和发现的集合证明了多信使天文学的能力。 高级激光干涉仪引力波天文台（LIGO）和法国-意大利Virgo探测器的第一次和第二次观测运行的成功现在正在扩大，因为这些探测器开始以从未在2019年4月开始的第三次观测运行中实现的灵敏度观测宇宙。 该奖项将支持与新的GRB事件相关的GWs的搜索，迄今为止只有一个符合的检测。 该奖项还将支持搜索与快速射电暴（FRB）相关的GWs，FRB是射电望远镜于2007年首次探测到的寿命极短且能量极高的突发无线电波。 FRB的前身是完全未知的，许多天文学家正在积极尝试探测更多的此类事件，以了解可能导致它们的原因。 任何与FRB相关的GW的检测都将导致对这些神秘事件的天体物理起源的理解显着增加。 该奖项将通过培养本科生和硕士生成为能够作为下一代引力波天文学家在国际公认的水平上进行研究的合格科学研究人员，支持发展多元化，具有全球竞争力的STEM劳动力。正如GW 170817的多信使观测所证明的那样，对巨Ws的探测与电磁探测相结合，极大地促进了对高能事件天体物理学的理解。 该奖项将支持使用紧凑的二元聚结源的相干匹配滤波器搜索与伽玛暴相关的GW。 这些搜索将根据已宣布的伽玛射线暴探测结果进行，任何探测到的GW都将向天文学界宣布，以便迅速采取后续行动。通过使用由外部触发器的天空位置提供的信息，该搜索将GW检测网络的有效灵敏度扩展到全天空搜索之外。 在LIGO的第三和第四次观测运行中，对与GRB相关的GW的额外探测以及Virgo的补充数据将使中子星的天体物理性质得到更好的约束。此外，这些双中子星星合并源的完整电磁辐射模型将随着未来的多信使观测而完善。 该奖项还将支持对与快速射电暴（FRB）相关的GW进行连贯的、基于模板的搜索。 目前，FRB祖细胞的模型是不好的约束，和非常少的候选祖源已被淘汰，由于迄今为止检测到的爆发的缺乏和缺乏多光谱观测的组合。如果在LIGO和Virgo数据中使用基于模板的搜索检测到GW并发现与FRB相关，这将立即表明FRB的来源是双中子星星合并或中子星-黑洞合并。同时，如果在这次搜索中没有发现符合的探测结果，这将更好地约束FRB祖先的模型。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Starting with the initial detection of gravitational waves (GW) from a binary black hole merger, and now continuing with the first detection of GWs from a binary neutron star merger associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB), the era of true GW astronomy has begun. The detection of GWs from the binary neutron star merger, GW170817, when combined with the coincident GRB detection, GRB 170817A, and the electromagnetic follow-up campaign that discovered associated afterglows across the electromagnetic spectrum, has had a significant impact on the understanding of the progenitors of short GRBs, kilonovae, and the equation of state of neutron stars. This collection of observations and discoveries has demonstrated the capabilities of multi-messenger astronomy with the addition GWs. These successes of the first and second Observing Runs of The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and the French-Italian Virgo detector are now being expanded upon, as these detectors began observing the universe at sensitivities never before achieved in their third Observing Run, starting in April of 2019. This award will support the search for GWs associated with new GRB events, for which only one coincident detection has so far been made. The award will also support the search for GWs associated with fast radio bursts (FRB), which are extremely short-lived and extremely energetic bursts radio waves first detected by radio telescopes in 2007. The progenitors of FRBs are completely unknown, and many astronomers are actively trying to detect more of these events to learn what might cause them. Any detection of a GW associated with a FRB would result in a significant increase in the understanding of the astrophysical origin of these mysterious events. The award will support the development of a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce through the training of undergraduate and masters students to become competent scientific researchers able to conduct research at the internationally recognized level as the next generation of gravitational-wave astronomers.As was demonstrated with the multi-messenger observations of GW170817, combined detections of GWs with electromagnetic detections have significantly advanced the understanding of astrophysics of high-energy events. This award will support the search for GWs associated with GRBs using a coherent, matched-filter search for compact binary coalescence sources. These searches will be conducted in response to announced GRB detections, and any GWs detected will be announced to the astronomical community for prompt follow-up. This search extends the effective sensitivity of the GW detection network beyond that of an all-sky search by using the information provided by the external trigger's sky location. Additional detections of GWs associated with GRBs in the third and fourth observing runs of LIGO and complimentary Virgo data will enable the astrophysical properties of neutron stars to be better constrained. Additionally, the full electromagnetic emission model for these binary neutron star merger sources will be refined with future multi-messenger observations. This award will also support the coherent, template-based search for GWs associated with fast radio bursts (FRB). Currently, the models of FRB progenitors are poorly constrained, and very few candidate progenitor sources have been eliminated due to a combination of the paucity of bursts detected thus far and a lack of multispectral observations. If a GW were detected with a template-based search in LIGO and Virgo data and found to be associated with a FRB, this would immediately indicate that the source of FRBs are binary neutron star mergers or neutron star-black hole mergers. At the same time, if no coincident detections are made in this search, this will better constrain models of the FRB progenitors.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.