Mechanism of Female Fate Determination and Maintenance in Zebrafish

斑马鱼作为生物医学研究的重要模式生物已有30多年的历史。令人惊讶的是，目前还不知道斑马鱼如何决定它们将成为哪种性别。在人类中，性别是由遗传自父母的特定染色体决定的，XY个体是男性，XX个体是女性。然而，在斑马鱼中没有发现这样的特异性染色体。包括德雷珀实验室在内的几个实验室最近的研究发现，卵母细胞是卵子的前体，是雌性发育和维持雌性命运所必需的。不能产生卵母细胞的斑马鱼发育为雄性，失去卵母细胞的成年雌性鱼恢复为雄性。这些研究得出结论，卵母细胞产生一种信号，其功能是促进和维持女性发育。德雷珀实验室已经确定了两个候选的卵母细胞产生的信号分子，他们有强有力的初步数据表明，一个功能启动女性发育，而另一个功能维持成年女性的发育。有了这个奖项，他们将进一步确定这些信号如何调节男性和女性发育之间的选择。这些研究的完成将提供有关斑马鱼性别如何确定的基础知识，这对其他研究斑马鱼的科学家来说非常重要，但也将为其他鱼类物种的这一过程提供见解。最后，了解这些信号如何影响斑马鱼的性别可能会导致识别以前未知的途径，环境污染物可以影响野生鱼类种群的性别比例和功能。这一点非常重要，因为鱼类是世界上许多人口的重要食物来源，而野生鱼类种群由于过度捕捞、污染和栖息地破坏而受到越来越大的压力。除了这些好处，这项研究还将提供指导和有意义的科研经验，代表性不足和/或弱势研究生，本科生和高中生。斑马鱼是向学生介绍尖端生物研究的理想模式生物。斑马鱼是世界各地数百个实验室使用的主要模式生物。 然而，斑马鱼性别决定的机制仍然未知。最近的几项研究已经确定，没有单一的遗传位点是负责性别决定，并认为产生卵母细胞的能力是女性决定的先决条件。虽然斑马鱼成年后不会改变性别，但德雷珀实验室最近发现，成年雌性表型的维持是一个活跃的过程，需要从卵母细胞到体细胞性腺的持续信号。总之，这些研究表明，卵母细胞衍生的信号影响体细胞性腺的命运，体细胞性腺反过来通过激素的产生调节动物的显性表型。几个关键问题仍有待解决：1）卵母细胞衍生信号的性质是什么？2)卵母细胞衍生信号的功能是什么？3)在雌性初级决定和成年雌性表型的维持之间是否存在机械联系？工作假设是卵母细胞信号促进体细胞性腺产生雌激素，并且雌激素的阈值水平是雌性主要决定和维持成年表型所必需的。如果没有这一点，体细胞性腺默认为雄性发育程序，导致幼虫中的雄性初级决定，或成年雌性到雄性的逆转。这些预测将在三个目标中使用基因敲除和转基因技术的组合进行测试：具体目标1将测试体细胞性腺（特别是颗粒细胞）的雌激素产生是否是必要的，足以促进雌性主要决定和维持成年雌性表型。具体目标2将确定经典Wnt信号传导是否是必要的和足够的女性主要决定。具体目标3将测试卵母细胞表达的细胞信号分子Bmp 15促进颗粒细胞发育、雌激素产生和维持雌性决定的必要性。预计这些研究将对我们理解允许2%的硬骨鱼物种恢复为成年鱼的机制产生重大影响。此外，他们应该导致的方法，允许在斑马鱼和其他鱼类物种的性别比例的调节。最后，了解斑马鱼生殖细胞-体细胞性腺信号通路的详细机制，可以确定环境污染物影响野生鱼类种群性别比例和功能的以前未知的途径。

The zebrafish has been an important model organism for biomedical research for over 30 years. Surprisingly, it is still not known how zebrafish determine which gender they will become. In humans, gender is determined by the specific chromosomes that are inherited from the parents, were XY individual are male and XX individuals are female. However, in zebrafish no such specific chromosomes have been identified. Recent studies from several labs, including the Draper lab, have found that oocytes, the precursor to eggs, are required for female development and for maintenance of the female fate. Zebrafish that cannot produce oocytes develop and males, and adult female fish that lose their oocytes revert to males. These studies have concluded that oocytes produce a signal that functions to promote and maintain female development. The Draper lab has identified two candidate oocyte-produced signaling molecules and they have strong preliminary data that indicates that one functions to initiate female development, while the other functions to maintain female development in adults. With this award they will further determine how these signals regulate the choice between male and female development. Completion of these studies will provide fundamental knowledge about how zebrafish gender is determined, which will be important for other scientist working with zebrafish, but will also provide insights into this process in other fish species. Finally, understanding how these signals influence gender in zebrafish may lead to the identification of previously unknown pathways by which environmental pollutants can affect gender ratios and function in wild fish populations. This is of major importance as fish are a vital food source for much of the world's population and wild fish stocks are under intense and increasing pressures that are due to over-fishing, pollution and habitat destruction. In addition to these benefits, this study will also provide mentorship and meaningful scientific research experience to underrepresented and/or disadvantaged graduate, undergraduate and high school students. The zebrafish is an ideal model organism for introducing students to cutting edge biological research.The zebrafish is a major model organism that is used by hundreds of labs around the world. Yet, the mechanism of zebrafish gender determination remains unknown. Several recent studies have determined that no single genetic locus is responsible for gender determination, and that the ability to produce oocytes is a prerequisite for female determination. While zebrafish do not switch gender as adults, the Draper lab has recently discovered that maintenance of the adult female phenotype is an active process that requires continuous signaling from oocytes to the somatic gonad. Together these studies suggest that an oocyte-derived signal(s) influences the fate of the somatic gonad, which in turn regulates the overt phenotype of the animal through production of hormones. Several key questions remain to be resolved: 1) what is the nature of the oocyte-derived signal? 2) What is the function of the oocyte-derived signal? 3) Is there a mechanistic link between female primary determination and maintenance of the adult female phenotype? The working hypothesis is that the oocyte signal promotes estrogen production by the somatic gonad, and that a threshold level of estrogen is required for female primary determination and maintenance of the adult phenotype. Absent this, the somatic gonad defaults to a male developmental program, resulting in male primary determination in larvae, or female-to-male reversal in adults. These predictions will be tested in three aims using a combination of gene knockout and transgenic technologies: Specific Aim 1 will test if estrogen production by the somatic gonad (specifically by granulosa cells) is necessary and sufficient to promote female primary determination and maintenance of the adult female phenotype. Specific Aim 2 will determine whether canonical Wnt signaling is necessary and sufficient for female primary determination. Specific Aim 3 will test the necessity of the oocyte-expressed cell-signaling molecule Bmp15 to promote granulosa cell development, estrogen production, and maintenance of female determination. It is anticipated that these studies will have significant impact on our understanding of the mechanism that allows 2% of teleost species to revert as adults. In addition, they should lead to methods that allow the regulation of gender ratios in zebrafish and perhaps other fish species. Finally, knowing the detailed mechanism of the germ cell-somatic gonad signaling circuitry in zebrafish may identify previously unknown pathways by which environmental pollutants can affect gender ratios and function in wild fish populations.