Doctoral Dissertation Research: Expectations of Privacy: Development, Digital Natives, and Online Information Management

美国第四修正案保护不受不合理的搜查和扣押；搜查是否违反第四修正案的问题取决于被搜查的个人是否对隐私有主观期望，而社会愿意承认这是合理的。对隐私的期望可能会受到时事(如2013年美国国家安全局监控计划泄密)、技术和数字通信使用的增加，甚至是年龄或代际影响等个人差异的影响。目前的研究考察了人们对隐私的期望是如何在青春期和成年期发展起来的，以及这种发展是由于使用和熟悉数字通信的“代沟”，还是由于冒险行为的发展变化。这项研究使用横断面调查来检验不同年龄段之间对隐私的合理期望是如何不同的。此外，一项实验室研究将测试斯坦伯格(2010)的青少年冒险双系统模型是否能解释青少年和成年人对在线交流隐私期望的差异。这项拟议的研究将整合三个研究机构(外行成年人对隐私的合理期望、青少年决策和在线交流中的隐私保护行为)，以检查在整个生命周期内对隐私的合理期望有何不同。这项拟议的研究结果有助于告知法院和律师，人们对隐私的期望是如何随着技术的进步而改变的。随着技术的不断发展，法院目前用来评估搜查是否受到第四修正案保护的标准(审查对隐私的主观和客观预期)可能会被证明越来越难以管理。目前的研究旨在提供证据，证明该标准是否充分保护了第四修正案的权利。

The Fourth Amendment of the United States protects against unreasonable searches and seizures; the question of whether a search violates the Fourth Amendment hinges on whether the individual searched had a subjective expectation of privacy that society is willing to recognize as reasonable. Expectations of privacy can be impacted by current events (such as the 2013 NSA surveillance scheme leaks), increased use of technology and digital communication, or even individual differences such as age or generation effects. The current research examines how expectations of privacy develop through adolescence and adulthood and whether this development is due to a "generation gap" in use and familiarity with digital communications or due to developmental changes in risk taking. This research uses cross-sectional surveys to examine how reasonable expectations of privacy differ among various age groups. In addition, an in-lab study will test whether Steinberg's (2010) Dual Systems Model of Adolescent Risk-Taking can explain differences between adolescents' and adults' expectations of privacy in on-line communications. The proposed research will integrate three bodies of research (lay adults' reasonable expectations of privacy, adolescent decisionmaking, and privacy- protecting behaviors in on-line communications) to examine how reasonable expectations of privacy differ across the lifespan. The findings of the proposed research can help inform courts and attorneys how expectations of privacy are changing with advances in technologies. The current standard courts use to evaluate whether a search was protected by the Fourth Amendment (examining both subjective and objective expectations of privacy) may prove to be increasingly difficult for courts to administer as technology continues to develop. The current research aims to provide evidence of whether that standard adequately protects Fourth Amendment rights.