FRHTP: Network for Neutrinos, Nuclear Astrophysics, and Symmetries (N3AS)

基础物理学的新发现通常要求科学家在能量、距离（非常大或非常小）、强度和密度等极端条件下探索自然，这些条件最有可能发现理解上的差异。 极端条件可以在实验室中产生-高能粒子加速器就是一个例子-但通常只有在科学人员和基础设施的巨大投资之后。 出于这个原因，在过去的二十年里，对基础物理学感兴趣的物理学家越来越多地转向天体物理学，利用自然界中已经存在的奇异条件来测试对物理学基本定律的理解。 这一策略已被证明是成功的：来自太阳和宇宙射线的高通量中微子导致了中微子质量和味道混合的发现;对星系和星系团中恒星速度的研究表明，宇宙中85%的物质是黑暗的，对我们来说是隐藏的，但对形成我们在夜空中看到的结构至关重要;对遥远恒星的热核爆炸的观测使我们得出结论，我们的宇宙正在以越来越快的速度膨胀，由某种神秘的、未知的真空能量主导;最近，随着高级LIGO探测到两个大质量黑洞的合并，使科学家能够在极端引力场的情况下测试物理学。该项目将汇集对天体物理系统的定量建模感兴趣的核物理学家和天体物理学家，以促进对中微子性质，核物质在极端温度和密度下的行为以及暗物质性质的理解。 该项目的主要科学目标是通过将基本的核和中微子微观物理学知识与天体物理学中最先进的数值模拟工具相结合，制作极端天体物理环境的改进模型，如超新星的核心和中子星的内部。 这将能够可靠地将可用的天体物理学观测数据（如超新星的电磁和核合成信号）与基础微物理学联系起来。 第二个目标是创造一种跨学科的研究环境，使新一代科学家能够在天体物理学和基础物理学的界面上有效地工作。 核物理界将大大受益于在这一跨学科科学中受过训练的初级研究人员，他们一方面可以弥合天体物理学和天文学测量之间的差距，另一方面可以根据我们的基本相互作用的“标准模型”及其可能的扩展来解释它们。

New discoveries in basic physics often require scientists to probe Nature at the extremes of energy, distance (very large or very small), intensity, and density, where it is most likely to uncover discrepancies in understanding. Extreme conditions can be produced in the laboratory - the high-energy particle accelerators are an example - but often only after great investments in both scientific personnel and infrastructure. For this reason, over the past two decades physicists interested in fundamental physics have increasingly turned to astrophysics, using the exotic conditions already existing in Nature to test the understanding of the underlying laws of physics. This strategy has proven successful: the high fluxes of neutrinos available from our Sun and cosmic rays led to the discovery of neutrino mass and flavor mixing; studies of the velocities of stars bound in galaxies and galaxy clusters revealed that 85% of the matter in the universe is dark, hidden from us, yet crucial in forming the structures we see in the night sky; observations of the thermonuclear explosions of distant stars led us to conclude that our universe is expanding at an increasing rate, dominated by some mysterious, unidentified vacuum energy; and most recently, a new field of gravitational wave astronomy opened up with Advanced LIGO's detection of the merger of two massive black holes, allowing scientists to test physics in the presence of extreme gravitational fields. This project will bring together nuclear physicists and astrophysicists interested in the quantitative modeling of astrophysical systems, to advance the understanding of the properties of neutrinos, the behavior of nuclear matter at the extremes of temperature and density, and the nature of dark matter. The main scientific goal of this project is to produce improved models of extreme astrophysical environments, like the cores of supernovae and the interiors of neutron stars, by combining knowledge of the underlying nuclear and neutrino microphysics, with the most advanced tools for numerical simulations in astrophysics. This will enable to reliably connect available astrophysical observables, such as the electromagnetic and nucleosynthetic signals from supernovae, to underlying fundamental microphysics. A second goal is to create the kind of interdisciplinary research environment that will allow the training of a new generation of scientists to work effectively at the interface of astrophysics and fundamental physics. The nuclear physics community will benefit greatly from junior researchers trained in this interdisciplinary science, who can then bridge the gap between astrophysical and astronomical measurements on one hand, and their interpretation in terms of our "standard model" of fundamental interactions, and its possible extensions, on the other.