EAGER: Collaborative Research: Empowering Smart Energy Communities: Connecting Buildings, People, and Power Grids

到2050年，预计全球70%的人口将在城市生活和工作，其中建筑物是主要组成部分。建筑物的能源消耗占用电量的70%以上，人们在建筑物中度过的时间超过90%。拥有创新、优化的建筑设计和运营的未来城市有潜力在降低能源消耗、遏制温室气体排放和保持稳定的电网运行方面发挥关键作用。建筑物在物理上与电网相连，因此理解两者的决策和操作的耦合将是有益的。然而，在社区层面，没有一个整体的框架，建筑物和电网可以同时利用，以优化其性能。建立这样一个框架所面临的挑战是，建筑控制系统既没有连接到电网，也没有与电网集成，因此无法在智能社区层面实现统一的全球最优能源控制策略。因此，基本的知识差距是(a)缺乏一个整体的、多时间尺度的数学框架来耦合建筑物利益相关者和电网利益相关者的决策，以及(b)缺乏一种计算易于处理的解决方案方法，可以在大量连接的电网节点和建筑物上实施。在这个项目中，将研究一个新的数学框架，填补上述知识空白，并检验以下假设：在智慧城市中，连接的建筑、人员和电网将实现显著的节能和稳定运行。设想中的智慧城市框架将为单个建筑物和电网设备提供定制的需求响应信号。该假设将针对经典的需求响应（DR）策略进行测试，其中(i)缺乏建筑物和电网动态的整合，（ii）建筑物实施的DR方案是独立和个体的。通过参与高效、分散的社区规模优化，将为参与的建筑展示节能效果，并增强电网的稳定运行，从而赋予智能能源社区权力。为了确保拟议框架的广泛采用，该项目将定期收到南加州爱迪生公司（SCE）的输入和反馈。为了验证这一假设，将开发以下研究产品：(1)一种创新的方法来模拟建筑物集群——将人的行为嵌入到集群的动态中——及其控制，使它们能够与网格运行和服务相结合；(2)解决大型耦合系统复杂控制问题的新型优化框架；(3)从(a)电网的运行稳定性和安全性以及(b)建筑物的优化能耗方面评估联网建筑影响的方法。为测试建议的架构，我们将在中央电力中心内进行一项涉及超过1000幢楼宇的大型配电主馈线模拟试验。中部橙县的约翰娜和圣地亚哥变电站。

1637258 / 1637249 Yu, Nanpeng / Dong, Bing By 2050, 70% of the world's population is projected to live and work in cities, with buildings as major constituents. Buildings' energy consumption contributes to more than 70% of electricity use, with people spending more than 90% of their time in buildings. Future cities with innovative, optimized building designs and operations have the potential to play a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption, curbing greenhouse gas emissions, and maintaining stable electric-grid operations. Buildings are physically connected to the electric power grid, thus it would be beneficial to understand the coupling of decisions and operations of the two. However, at a community level, there is no holistic framework that buildings and power grids can simultaneously utilize to optimize their performance. The challenge related to establishing such a framework is that building control systems are neither connected to, nor integrated with the power grid, and consequently a unified, global optimal energy control strategy at a smart community level cannot be achieved. Hence, the fundamental knowledge gaps are (a) the lack of a holistic, multi-time scale mathematical framework that couples the decisions of buildings stakeholders and grid stakeholders, and (b) the lack of a computationally-tractable solution methodology amenable to implementation on a large number of connected power grid-nodes and buildings. In this project, a novel mathematical framework that fills the aforementioned knowledge gaps will be investigated, and the following hypothesis will be tested: Connected buildings, people, and grids will achieve significant energy savings and stable operation within a smart city. The envisioned smart city framework will furnish individual buildings and power grid devices with custom demand response signals. The hypothesis will be tested against classical demand response (DR) strategies where (i) the integration of building and power-grid dynamics is lacking and (ii) the DR schemes that buildings implement are independent and individual. By engaging in efficient, decentralized community-scale optimization, energy savings will be demonstrated for participating buildings and enhanced stable operation for the grid are projected, hence empowering smart energy communities. To ensure the potential for broad adoption of the proposed framework, this project will be regularly informed with inputs and feedback from Southern California Edison (SCE). In order to test the hypothesis, the following research products will be developed: (1) An innovative method to model a cluster of buildings--with people's behavior embedded in the cluster's dynamics--and their controls so that they can be integrated with grid operation and services; (2) a novel optimization framework to solve complex control problems for large-scale coupled systems; and (3) a methodology to assess the impacts of connected buildings in terms of (a) the grid's operational stability and safety and (b) buildings' optimized energy consumption. To test the proposed framework, a large-scale simulation of a distribution primary feeder with over 1000 buildings will be conducted within SCE?s Johanna and Santiago substations in Central Orange County.