COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: All Birds: A Time-scaled Avian Tree From Integrated Phylogenomic and Fossil Data

鸟类的种类超过1万种，几乎在所有陆地环境中都能找到它们。这种显著的多样性是提高公众对科学和自然的参与的关键组成部分，观鸟活动在美国经济中创造了数十亿美元的产值。鸟类表现出复杂的行为、复杂的身体特征和令人印象深刻的适应性，这使它们成为现代科学研究的主要焦点。在目前的研究中，鸟类是生物学中一系列基础主题比较研究的模型系统。然而，在这个强大的比较生物学工具包中，缺失的部分是对所有鸟类物种之间进化关系（系统发育）的准确而完整的描述，即鸟类生命之树。该项目将收集DNA数据，通过生成所有鸟类的完整生命树来填补这一空白，以测试有关地球上鸟类的起源、多样化和分布的假设。一棵完整的树将对鸟类学和进化生物学等领域产生革命性的影响。该项目将通过培训本科生、研究生和博士后科学家，帮助培养下一代生物多样性科学家，并将包括许多公共宣传组成部分，包括展览和视频。开发学习模块并与教师合作将有助于将研究带入课堂，接触到几个州的不同学生。最后，研究人员将把从每只鸟身上收集到的所有数据立即提供给科学界和公众，以便进行大规模的比较分析，并与其他鸟类数据集进行整合。“大树”——全面的物种级系统发育——正在给进化生物学领域带来革命性的变化。该项目将生成8000种鸟类的全基因组标记，并利用nsf支持的其他研究的数据产品，为所有10560种鸟类产生系统发育假设。一个解决得很好的、完整的、时间校准的、物种水平的鸟类系统发育将允许许多具有挑战性的假设得到检验，为鸟类分类学的系统发育修订提供概念基础，并允许旨在阐明产生生物多样性的过程的变革性分析。本项目产生的系统发生学的具体假设包括：1)新鸟在K-Pg大灭绝后经历了快速的辐射；2)鸟类多样化是由洲际扩散的历史形成的；3)物种树方法在基因组尺度数据的系统发生分析中优于串联方法。

There are over 10,000 species of birds and they are found in nearly every terrestrial environment. This remarkable diversity has served as a critical component of enhancing public engagement with science and nature, as evidenced by the multi-billion dollar output generated by bird-watching activities in the US economy. Birds exhibit complex behaviors, elaborate physical characteristics, and impressive adaptations, which has made them a major focus of modern scientific research. In current research, birds are a model system for comparative studies on a range of fundamental topics in biology. However, the missing piece of this otherwise powerful comparative biology toolkit is an accurate and complete description of the evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) among all bird species, i.e., an avian tree of life. This project will collect DNA data to fill this gap by producing a complete tree of life for all bird species in order to test hypotheses regarding the origins, diversification, and dispersal of birds around the planet. A complete tree will be transformative to fields like ornithology and evolutionary biology. This project will help prepare the next-generation of biodiversity scientists by training undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral scientists, and also will include numerous public outreach components including exhibits and videos. Developing learning modules and working with teachers will help bring the research into the classroom, reaching a diversity of students in several states. Finally, the researchers will make all data collected from each bird immediately available to the scientific community and the public to enable broad-scale comparative analyses and integration with other avian data sets."Big trees" - comprehensive species-level phylogenies - are revolutionizing the field of evolutionary biology. This project will generate genome-wide markers for 8,000 species of birds and leverage data products from other NSF-supported studies to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis for all 10,560 bird species. A well-resolved, complete, time-calibrated, species-level phylogeny of birds will allow numerous challenging hypotheses to be tested, provide the conceptual foundation for a phylogenetic revision of bird taxonomy, and permit transformative analyses aimed at elucidating the processes that generate biological diversity. Specific hypotheses to be tested using phylogenies generated by this project include 1) Neoaves underwent a rapid radiation after the K-Pg mass extinction, 2) avian diversification has been shaped by the history of intercontinental dispersal, and 3) species tree methods outperform concatenation in phylogenetic analyses of genome-scale data.