Collaborative Research: Wave, Surge, and Tsunami Overland Hazard, Loading and Structural Response for Developed Shorelines

卡特里娜飓风和桑迪飓风以及2011年东日本海啸等风暴造成的洪水给沿海社区造成了灾难性的破坏。随着沿海人口的增加和数万亿美元的基础设施面临风险，风暴和海啸将继续对沿海社区构成威胁。提高社区对这些淹没事件（IEs）的抵御能力需要了解它们是如何破坏建筑物的。在发达的海岸线上，预测工业工业的结构破坏是相当困难的，在那里，一些结构可能会部分地屏蔽它们后面的建筑物，以现有最先进的技术不容易预测的方式减少破坏。该项目将创造新的工具来预测沿已开发海岸线的IEs造成的结构破坏。来自圣母大学（University of Notre Dame）、俄勒冈州立大学（Oregon State University）和南加州大学（University of Southern California）的团队将开发基于计算机的预测方法，利用实验室测试和现场数据来指导开发和验证准确性。这些新模型将提高洪水和破坏预测的准确性，从而改善社区的恢复能力，提高建筑设计的效率。来自行业和专业标准委员会的投入将确保这些结果达到工程从业者。对建筑和自然环境中的浪涌、波浪和海啸流变化的预测对于确定淹没事件中近岸结构的生存和破坏至关重要。然而，与地震和风力灾害不同，由于附近结构对水动力转化的影响，在沿海建筑密集地区，IE荷载和破坏往往在地块尺度上变化很大。此外，IE流体力学和载荷目前使用各种简化方法（例如裸土法）进行处理，这些方法引入了显著的不确定性和/或偏差。此外，现有的结构损伤评估没有采用标准的结构技术，这在很大程度上是因为流体力学和载荷的不确定性。该合作项目将研究发达地区结构对风暴和海啸的概率脆弱性，这些地区的结构最集中，但由于这些结构周围复杂的流动变化，现有模型表现不佳。这里开发的实验室和计算方法将采用确定性和随机模型，其尺度能够解决局部转换，并直接代表相关过程。在精细尺度上解决局部变化，将提高在IEs期间预测结构脆弱性的准确性，从而改进设计、缓解和风险知情决策。详细方法的结果将是计算密集型的，将在适当的地方用于开发更易于处理的方法，用于工程从业者对水动力转换、载荷和结构响应的概率预测。

Inundation from storms like Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, and the 2011 East Japan tsunami, has caused catastrophic damage to coastal communities. With increasing coastal population, and trillions of dollars of infrastructure at risk, storms and tsunamis will continue to be threats to coastal communities. Improving community resilience to these Inundation Events (IEs) requires an understanding of how they damage buildings. Prediction of structural damage in IEs can be quite difficult along developed shorelines, where some structures may partially shield buildings behind them, reducing damage in ways that are not easily predictable using the existing state-of-the-art. This project will create new tools to predict structural damage from IEs along developed shorelines. The team from the University of Notre Dame, Oregon State University, and the University of Southern California will develop computer-based predictive methods for detailed building damage using laboratory tests and field data to guide development and validate accuracy. These new models will provide increased inundation and damage prediction accuracy, resulting in improved community resilience efforts and more efficient building design. Input from industry and professional standards committees will ensure that these results reach engineering practitioners. Prediction of surge, wave, and tsunami flow transformation over the built and natural environment is essential in determining survival and failure of near-coast structures during Inundation Events. However, unlike earthquake and wind hazards, IE loading and damage often vary strongly at a parcel scale in built-up coastal regions due to the influence of nearby structures on hydrodynamic transformation. Additionally, IE hydrodynamics and loading are presently treated using a variety of simplified methods (e.g. bare earth method) which introduce significant uncertainty and/or bias. Furthermore, existing evaluations of structural damage during IEs do not employ standard structural techniques, in large part because of uncertainties in the hydrodynamics and loading. This collaborative project will examine probabilistic structural vulnerability to storm waves and tsunamis in developed regions, where structures are most concentrated but existing models perform poorly due to complex flow transformation around these structures. The laboratory and computational methodologies developed here will employ deterministic and stochastic models with scales able to resolve local transformation, and that directly represent relevant processes. Resolving the local transformation at fine scales will provide improved accuracy in the prediction of structural vulnerability during IEs, enabling improved design, mitigation, and risk-informed decision making. Results of the detailed methodology, which will be computationally intensive, will be used where appropriate to develop more tractable methodologies for the probabilistic prediction of hydrodynamic transformation, loading, and structural response by engineering practitioners.