Collaborative Research: An Integrated Understanding of the Initiation and Subsequent Dynamical and Microphysical Characteristics of Deep Convective Storms during RELAMPAGO

RELAMPAGO（带电，闪电和中尺度/微尺度过程与自适应地面观测的遥感）是一项研究极端雷暴的项目。它包括一个将于2018年11月1日至12月15日在阿根廷中西部进行的实地项目，该项目被认为可能是世界上最好的项目。美国是研究雷暴的最佳天然实验室。将收集移动的多普勒雷达和其他仪器的尖端观测结果，然后进行分析，以回答为什么该地区的雷暴是世界上最强烈的雷暴之一这一非常基本的问题。RELAMPAGO将确定触发这些雷暴的机制，并有助于其暴力。RELAMPAGO还将确定为什么这些极端风暴是如此多产的冰雹生产者，但似乎不会产生许多龙卷风。了解雷暴的发生和演变以及它们如何在阿根廷产生恶劣天气，将使科学家能够创造更好的，更普遍的，关于美国雷暴的理论，这将导致更好地预测美国雷暴及其严重影响，包括冰雹和龙卷风。RELAMPAGO是一个合作项目，伊利诺斯大学、宾夕法尼亚州立大学、科罗拉多大学、和恶劣天气研究中心 学生的参与将通过为未来一代科学家、工程师和预报员提供尖端技能和知识，帮助他们塑造职业生涯。RELAMPAGO是一个研究极端雷暴的项目。其中包括将于2018年11月1日至12月15日在阿根廷中西部进行的实地项目。RELAMPAGO的动机是卫星观测显示，该地区的雷暴可以说是世界上最深和最强烈的。由于缺乏地面观测，这些雷暴为何如此强烈的问题一直悬而未决。因此，一套新的有针对性的综合地面仪器，包括移动的多普勒雷达、无线电探空仪系统和可部署的气象传感器，将用于调查这些风暴发起和组织的当地环境，以及产生恶劣天气的内部风暴过程。 具体而言，RELAMPAGO观测和补充数值模拟的广泛套件将用于确定在这种环境中的对流触发机制，以及有助于这些风暴的极端性质的区域地形和环流的属性。地形改变的环境将与超胞对流的频率及其向中尺度对流系统的过渡有关。也将获得一个新的理解，这种环境的变化如何提高冰雹的生产，将了解如何（以及何时）的环境支持强风生产，但通过更强的冷池生成和减少低层垂直风切变减少龙卷风发生的可能性。这项对美国以外极端雷暴的研究将利用美国过去项目的结果，从而对此类风暴有更全面、更不受地理限制的了解。 这将有助于开发概念和预测模型，供美国和世界各地的预测人员使用，减轻未来的生命和财产损失。

RELAMPAGO (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations) is a study of extreme thunderstorms. It includes a field program to be conducted from 1 Nov to 15 Dec 2018 in west central Argentina, which is regarded as perhaps the world?s best natural laboratory for thunderstorm research. Cutting edge observations from mobile Doppler radar and other instruments will be collected and then analyzed to answer the very basic question of why the thunderstorms in this region are among the most intense in the world. RELAMPAGO will identify the mechanisms that trigger these thunderstorms and contribute to their violence. RELAMPAGO will also determine why these extreme storms are such prolific hail producers, but do not appear to generate many tornadoes. Understanding the initiation and evolution of thunderstorms and how they generate severe weather in Argentina will enable scientists to create better, and more general, theories about thunderstorms in the U.S. This will lead to better forecasts of U.S. thunderstorms and their severe impacts, including hail and tornadoes, and reduce losses of life and property in the U.S. RELAMPAGO is a collaborative project with critical involvement from the University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University, University of Colorado, and the Center for Severe Weather Research. Student participation will help shape the careers of the future generation of scientists, engineers and forecasters by equipping them with cutting edge skills and knowledge. RELAMPAGO is a study of extreme thunderstorms. It includes a field program to be conducted from 1 Nov to 15 Dec 2018 in west central Argentina. RELAMPAGO is motivated by satellite observations showing that the thunderstorms in this region are arguably the deepest and most intense in the world. The scarcity of available ground-based observations has kept open the question of why these thunderstorms are so intense. Thus, a novel set of targeted, integrated ground-based instrumentation, including mobile Doppler radars, radiosonde systems, and deployable meteorological sensors will be used to investigate the local environment in which these storms initiate and organize, and the internal storm processes that generate severe weather. Specifically, the extensive suite of RELAMPAGO observations and complementary numerical simulations will be used to determine the convective triggering mechanisms in this environment, and the properties of the regional orography and circulations that contribute to the extreme nature of these storms. Orographically modified environments will be related to the frequency of supercellular convection and its transition to mesoscale convective systems. A new understanding of how such environmental modifications enhance hail production will also be gained, as will an understanding of how (and when) the environments support severe-wind production but reduce the likelihood of tornadogenesis through stronger cold pool generation and reduction of low-level vertical wind shear. This research on extreme thunderstorms outside the U.S. will leverage the results from past U.S. projects, permitting a more general, and geographically unconstrained, understanding of such storms. This will aid the development of conceptual and predictive models that can be used by forecasters in the U.S. and worldwide, mitigating future loss of life and property.