PREEVENTS Track 2: Collaborative Research: Comprehensive Hazard Analysis for Resilience to Geomagnetic Extreme Disturbances

极端的太阳风暴威胁社会，部分是通过破坏电力传输系统的地磁感应电流（GIC）。太空天气极端事件将使美国陷入困境，耗资超过2T美元，并使数亿人断电超过一个月。国家空间气象行动计划呼吁立即增加研究和改进我们的预测能力，以应对这一威胁。这项拟议的工作将利用NSF资助的数据源（安培，超级磁铁，和EarthScope），以改进空间气象建模框架中的现有模型，并生成一个新的GIC预测工具，该工具可以很容易地过渡到NOAA空间气象预测中心的操作中。应用不同学科的专家来创建一个完全耦合的、基于物理的GIC模型，其中包括磁层、电离层和固体地球，并根据最先进的全球分布式观测进行验证。空间气象建模框架将得到改进，增加真实的粒子降水和电离层电导物理学。全球三维时域有限差分模型将用于通过地面传播电离层信号，同时考虑到海洋和可变的岩石圈电导率。将利用现有的最佳现场和远程数据验证这一模型，以确定其预测准确性。将针对历史和理想化的极端事件探索太阳能驱动和GIC之间的关系。该项目将对导致极端GIC事件的过程产生根本性的新理解（征集目标1），并扩大我们建模和预测GIC危害的能力（目标2）。由此产生的耦合系统可以形成一个自然的扩展，目前在NOAA的业务SWMF版本。

Extreme solar storms threaten society, in part, via Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) which damage power transmission systems. A space weather extreme event would devastate the US, costing more than $2T and leaving hundreds of millions without electricity for more than a month. The National Space Weather Action Plan calls for an immediate increase in research and improvements to our predictive capabilities to address this threat. This proposed work will make use of NSF funded data sources (AMPERE, SUPERMAG, and EarthScope) to improve existing models with in the Space Weather Modeling Framework and to generate a new tool for GIC prediction that could easily be transitioned to operations at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center.Comprehensive Hazard Analysis for Resilience to Geomagnetic Extreme Disturbances (CHARGED) applies experts in various disciplines to create a fully coupled, physics-based model of GICs that includes the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and solid Earth together with validation against state-of-the art globally distributed observations. The Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) will be improved with realistic particle precipitation and ionospheric conductance physics. A global 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model will be used to propagate the ionosphere signal through the ground while accounting for the oceans and variable lithosphere conductivity. This model will be validated using the best available in-situ and remote data to determine its predictive accuracy. The relationship between solar driving and GICs will be explored for both historical and idealized extreme events. The project will yield fundamental new understanding of the processes leading to extreme GIC events (solicitation target 1), and expand our capability to model and forecast GIC hazards (target 2). The resulting coupled system could form a natural extension to the operational SWMF version currently at NOAA.