PFI:BIC - A Smart GIC-Resilient Power Grid: Cognitive Control Enabled by Data Mining at the Nexus of Space Weather, Geophysics and Power Systems Engineering

由于太阳耀斑产生的地磁感应电流（gic）在电网中流动，北美电网有可能因大型地磁风暴而崩溃。2008年，随着《美国复苏法案》（American Recovery Act）的签署，一笔3.28亿美元的投资被用于安装被称为同步相量（synchrophasors）的高速传感器。这些通用电力传感器首次为电网提供了一个具有广域态势感知能力的系统。通过开发对这些现有传感器阵列进行查询的算法，将它们与实时地磁场数据（输入到美国国家科学基金会EarthScope大地电磁计划获得的三维地面（地壳和地幔）电导率结构信息）确定的电网中gis的实时预测相结合，将开发一个“智能服务系统”，该系统将能够预测单个电网变压器的影响严重程度。该项目将提供一个重要的新工具，以减轻GICs对电网的影响，提高电力服务的可靠性，潜在地减少灾难性停电的可能性，并通过延长电网关键部件的使用寿命来降低电力公司和消费者的成本。美国国家科学基金会EarthScope大地电磁计划系统地测量了一个临时网格站点的地面电磁阻抗，该站点目前覆盖了美国大陆的一半以上。阻抗，一个与频率相关的张量对地球的三维电导率结构很敏感？地壳和地幔将地面磁场投射到该位置的电场中。我们将应用来自磁观测站的实时数据流来确定先前占用的EarthScope站点的实时磁场，并通过阻抗张量将这些数据投影并将预测的地面电场插值到输电线路路径上，从而可以实时估计驱动电网变压器中gic的电压，并将其用作输入，以改进将在项目支持下开发的电网潮流模拟。这将与来自采矿同步相量传感器网络的功率流信息、卫星空间天气数据和NOAA地磁活动预报相结合。人为因素工程将研究电力公司控制室操作员与项目支持下开发的数据流和用户界面的交互，并根据人为因素反馈对这些界面进行迭代改进。

The North American power grid is potentially at risk of collapse from large geomagnetic storms manifested from solar flares that generate geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) to flow in the power grid. In 2008, with the signing of the American Recovery Act, a $328M investment was made for the installation of high speed sensors called synchrophasors. These generalized power sensors provided, for the very first time, a system potentially capable of wide area situational awareness for the grid. By developing algorithms that interrogate these existing sensor arrays, combining them with real-time predictions of GICs in the power grid determined from real-time geomagnetic field data that is input to information on 3-D ground (crust and mantle) electrical conductivity structure obtained from the NSF EarthScope Magnetotelluric Program, a "Smart Service System" will be developed that will be capable of predicting impact severity on individual power grid transformers. This project will provide an important new tool for mitigating the impact of GICs on the power grid, improving the reliability of electric power service, potentially reducing the possibility of catastrophic blackouts, and reducing costs to power utilities and consumers by extending the service life of key components of the grid.The NSF EarthScope Magnetotelluric Program has systematically measured the electromagnetic impedance of the ground at a temporary grid of stations that currently encompasses more than half of the continental US. The impedance, a frequency dependent tensor sensitive to the 3-D electrical conductivity structure of the Earth?s crust and mantle projects the ground magnetic fields into electric fields at that location. We will apply real-time streams of data from magnetic observatories to determine real-time magnetic fields at the sites of previously occupied EarthScope stations, and by projecting these through the impedance tensors and interpolating the predicted ground electric fields onto power transmission line paths, voltages that drive GICs in power grid transformers can be estimated in real-time and used as input to improved grid power flow simulations that will be developed under project support. This will be integrated with power flow information from mining synchrophasor sensor networks, and with satellite space weather data and NOAA geomagnetic activity forecasts. Human factors engineering will study power utility control room operator interactions with the data flow and user interface developed under project support, with iterative improvements of those interfaces made, given human factors feedback.