Political Economy in 5th Millennium BCE Southern Iran. Publication of the Excavations at Tepe Sohz

拟议的项目包括对位于伊朗西南部Behbahan平原的公元前5千年Tepe Sohz遗址的挖掘进行分析和出版。1970年，汉斯·尼森博士教授进行了挖掘工作。Tepe Sohz之所以被选中，是因为它在社会政治上的突出地位（它是第五千年平原上最大的遗址），也因为它的地理位置介于胡齐斯坦的Susiana文化传统和法尔斯的Bakun传统之间。该遗址的挖掘原本打算大规模进行，但被缩短了，而且没有对材料进行全面的分析。所有的文献资料以及大部分出土的文物和样本都存放在柏林自由大学近东考古研究所，可供研究和出版。分析Tepe Sohz材料的主要目的是评估公元前五千年伊朗西南部政治经济的两个相互竞争的模型，分别由Abbas Alizadeh和William Sumner根据法尔斯的证据发展而来。Alizadeh提出的封闭游牧模式设想了一种情况，在这种情况下，相当一部分人口实行垂直游牧，从冬季的低地迁移到夏季的高地牧场。生活在小村庄的人是农民，但他们主要为自己的需要而生产。中心地区，如Tepe Sohz，是专业工匠的家园，他们生产商品，与经济和政治上占主导地位的游牧民族交换。在一个对比模型中，萨姆纳主张在公元5千年加强以农业为基础的定居，包括灌溉的使用，以及小规模的畜牧业。村民产生的盈余被用来支持生活在更大社区的专业手工艺者。对萨姆纳来说，政治等级制度只是最低限度地存在，全面的游牧主义只在后期出现。从索赫兹山丘出土的材料，包括动物遗骸、陶瓷和各种小型发现，为基于多代理方法评估这些模型提供了有用的基础。陶瓷的风格和x射线荧光分析以及动物分析，包括绵羊、山羊和牛遗骸样本的同位素研究，将提供关于Tepe Sohz人口流动程度和区域间联系的关键信息。岩屑、磨制石器和动物骨骼的空间分布以及植物岩的分析旨在评估灌溉的实施程度。它们将有助于评价生存生产的定居-内部变化程度。

The proposed project involves the analysis and publication of the excavations at the 5th millennium BCE site of Tepe Sohz located in the Behbahan Plain in southwestern Iran. The excavations were undertaken in 1970 by Prof. Dr. Hans J. Nissen. Tepe Sohz was chosen due to its presumed sociopolitical prominence (it was the largest site on the plain during the 5th millennium) and because of its geographical location between the Susiana cultural tradition of Khuzistan and the Bakun tradition of Fars. Excavations at the site were originally intended to be large scale but were cut short, and no comprehensive analysis of the material has been conducted. All of the documentation as well as much of the excavated artifacts and samples are stored at the Institute of Near Eastern Archaeology at the Free University of Berlin and are available for study and publication.The principal goal of the analysis of the Tepe Sohz material is to evaluate two competing models of the political economy of southwestern Iran in the 5th millennium BCE, developed with the evidence from Fars by Abbas Alizadeh and William Sumner, respectively. The enclosing nomadism model proposed by Alizadeh envisions a situation in which a considerable portion of the population practiced vertical nomadism, moving from the lowlands in the winter to highland pastures in the summer. People living in small villages were farmers, but they produced primarily for their own needs. Central places, such as Tepe Sohz, were home to specialized artisans who produced goods for exchange with the economically and politically dominant nomads. In a contrasting model, Sumner argues for intensified agriculturally based settlement in the 5th millennium, including the use of irrigation, together with small-scale animal husbandry. Villagers generated surpluses that were used to support specialist craftworkers living in larger communities. For Sumner, political hierarchization is only minimally present, and full-scale nomadism only appears in later periods. The excavated materials from Tepe Sohz, including faunal remains, ceramics, and a variety of small finds, provide a useful basis for evaluating these models, based on a multi-proxy approach. Stylistic and X-ray fluorescence analysis of the ceramics together with faunal analysis, including isotopic study of a sample of sheep, goat and cattle remains, will provide crucial information on degree of mobility and interregional connections maintained by the population at Tepe Sohz. Spatial distributions of lithics, ground stone tools and animal bones as well as analyses of phytolith are designed to assess the extent to which irrigation was practiced. They will contribute to an evaluation of the degree of settlement-internal variation in subsistence production.