Hydrogeological and hydrochemical modelling of density-driven flow in the Tiberias Basin, in particular between Ha'on and Tiberias Regions, Jordan Valley

在第二阶段（目前的建议），所有资源将用于解决高度复合和复杂的研究区域的三维模型的构建，以了解TB以下，特别是HTR中与盆地断层和构造特征相关的盐渍化过程机制。最终，目前的建议将导致研究区域的第一个密度驱动流区域模型的呈现。虽然2D和初步3D模型已经提供了对可能的运移机制的见解，但很明显，基于真实结构数据的3D模型将更好地理解断裂盆地中与热量和盐水运移相关的水文过程。尽管二维模型在物理上是正确的，但断层地热系统是复杂的，并显示出巨大的地质和物理变异性。这种复杂性的一个后果是，几个二维模型将无法提供系统的全貌，因为不可能研究不同二维模式之间的相互作用和耦合。正如在提交的手稿（附在附录中）中所解释的那样，对流模式很可能是3D的，需要在完整的3D模型中进行处理。目前研究的初步3D模型证实了这一点（见3D摘要）。一个主要的目标将是调整结构，物理和化学性质，以满足数值模型的三维要求。为了解决这个问题，（T3）将提供该区域的第一个区域模型，允许（T1）基于实际结构数据建立初步的3D数值模型。地质模型将以块为单位的方式进行永久改进，即根据系统的自然特征（断层、褶皱、分层等）、水文地球化学数据（T3和T2）和更新的数值结果（T1）识别主要的地质/构造盒。这将需要对上述多学科方法进行精心规划的协调。到目前为止，2D和初步3D模型已经完成，并显示了几种对流模式（见所附文章），需要解决的开放问题是：- 2D模式如何在3D中发展？-我们如何正确地应用一维理论（如瑞利，努塞尔）来预测断层和周围单元的三维对流的开始？-在什么情况下对流模式仍然可以被认为是纯粹的3D或2D？解决所有这些关键问题将解释：-断裂系统中活动流体输送过程的驱动机制- TB内观测到的盐水温度及其化学差异，主要是HTR西部和东部之间的差异。-研究三维对流模式，裂缝和更渗透性带对深部流体流动的作用，以及它们对质量和能量迁移系统的影响。

In the second phase (the current proposal), all resources will be used to tackle the construction of the 3D model for the highly composite and complex study area, in order to understand the mechanisms of salinization processes below the TB and in particular in the HTR in relation to faults and tectonic features of the basin. Eventually, the current suggested proposal will result in the presentation of the first regional model of density driven flow for the study area. While the 2D and preliminary 3D models already provide insights into the possible transport mechanisms, it is clear that 3D modeling on real structural data will provide a better understanding of the hydrologic processes related to heat and brine migration in faulted basins. Although the 2D models are physically correct, faulted geothermal systems are complex and display huge geological and physical variability. A consequence of this complexity is that several 2D models will not provide a full picture of the system as it is impossible to study the interactions and coupling between the different 2D patterns.As explained in the submitted manuscript (enclosed in the appendix), convective patterns are most likely 3D and need to be addressed in a full 3D model. The preliminary 3D models currently investigated confirmed this aspect (see 3D abstracts).A major goal will be to adapt structural, physical and chemical properties to the 3D requirements of the numerical model. To tackle this problem, (T3) will provide a first regional model of the area allowing (T1) to build preliminary 3D numerical models based on real structural data. The geological model will be permanently refined in a block-wise manner, i.e. major geological/structural boxes will be identified according to natural features of the system (faults, folds, layering etc), hydro-geochemical data (T3 and T2) and updated numerical results (T1). This will require a well-planned co-ordination of the multi-disciplinary approach described above. By now the 2D and preliminary 3D models are completed and show several convective regimes (see enclosed article) and the open question that needs to be addressed are:- How do the 2D patterns develop in 3D?- How can we correctly apply adimensional theory (e.g. Rayleigh, Nusselt) to predict the onset of 3D convection in faults and surrounding units? - Under which conditions convective patterns can still be considered purely 3D or 2D?Solving all these key points will explain:- The driving mechanisms of active flow transport processes in faulted systems- The observed temperatures of brines and their chemical differences within the TB, mainly between the western sources and eastern part of the HTR. - The study of 3D convective patterns and the role of fractures and more permeable zones on deep fluid flow, their influence on the mass and energy migration system.