RAPID: Increasing Capacity for Data Collection during the 2018 East Rift Eruption, Hawaii Island

火山爆发对居住在附近的社区构成重大威胁，还可能影响航空运输和其他关键网络。 该RAPID奖将支持加强现有基础设施，以获取空间数据，用于监测基拉韦厄火山东裂谷带内正在进行的火山活动。它将支持购置设备，以继续从小型无人驾驶航空系统平台收集高分辨率热成像和可见光图像以及衍生的三维数据集，并扩大正在进行的工作的时空覆盖范围。收集和处理sUAS衍生图像的能力，为第一反应人员和紧急行动中心管理人员快速提供熔岩流前沿，危险气体浓度和喷发活动的最新措施，提高了我们保护和告知夏威夷受影响人口的能力。在这次救灾中吸取的经验教训也将适用于今后其他类似受灾社区。除了所要求的设备将提供的直接社会效益外，我们可以从这些快速获取的数据集中了解到更广泛的影响，因为它们将用于开发未来改进的喷发预测和建模能力，以及参与学生由于参与数据收集活动而获得的宝贵经验。目前的2018年基拉韦厄火山喷发，包括Leilani Estates分区内的挥发性喷口的开放以及从'a'a到pahoehoe熔岩流的过渡，提供了一个独特的机会来记录这些喷口随时间的演变，并测量喷发率和流动流变学特征和演变。这些喷发裂缝的可访问性允许从sUAS平台和现场收集活动进行重复和一致的测量，这些数据集可以极大地促进我们对东部裂谷带火山学的理解。由该小组生成的高分辨率sUAS衍生的空间时间序列数据集将是第一个捕捉基拉韦厄喷发历史上一个重要事件期间喷发过程所有阶段的数据集。预计这些数据将有助于火山科学家了解和预测基拉韦厄正在进行和未来的喷发。具体目标包括：（1）捕捉裂缝的演变，从前兆裂缝到成熟的喷口，（2）准确测量喷发率，这是一个独特的机会，因为整个流量目前包含在约25平方公里（目前）的研究区域内，（3）捕捉熔岩流的地形和热演变。用于实现这些目标的方法包括通过sUAS平台使用热传感器和可见光传感器进行重复测绘，通过差分GPS定位建立地面控制，以及遥感后处理和空间数据分析。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Volcanic eruptions pose major threats to communities living nearby and can also impact aviation transportation and other critical networks. This RAPID award will support the enhancement of infrastructure available to capture spatial data for monitoring the ongoing volcanic activity within the Kilauea Volcano East Rift Zone. It will support acquisition of equipment to continue collection of high resolution thermal and visible imagery and derived three-dimensional datasets from small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) platforms, as well as to expand the temporal and spatial coverage of ongoing efforts. The ability to collect and process sUAS-derived imagery to quickly provide updated measures of lava flow fronts, hazardous gas concentrations, and eruption activity for first responders and emergency operations center managers has improved our ability to protect and inform the affected population in Hawai'i. Lessons learned during this disaster response will also have application for other similarly affected communities in the future. Beyond the immediate societal benefits this requested equipment will provide, broader impacts will result from what we can learn from these rapidly acquired datasets as they are applied towards developing improved eruption prediction and modeling capability in the future, and the invaluable experiences participating students are acquiring as a result of participating in the data collection campaigns.The current 2018 Kilauea eruption, which has included the opening of volatile vents within the Leilani Estates subdivision and a transition from 'a'a to pahoehoe lava flows, provides a unique opportunity to document the evolution of these vents over time and measure eruption rates and flow rheology characteristics and evolution. The accessibility of these erupting fissures allows for repeated and consistent measurements from sUAS platforms and field collection campaigns, and together these datasets can greatly advance our understanding of East Rift Zone volcanology. The high resolution sUAS-derived spatial time-series datasets being generated by this group will be the first to capture all phases of the eruption process during a significant episode in Kilauea's eruption history. It is expected that these data will help volcano scientists understand and predict Kilauea's ongoing and future eruptions. Specific objectives include (1) capturing the evolution of fissures, from precursor cracks to mature vents, (2) accurately measuring the eruption rate, a unique opportunity as the entire flow volume is presently contained within the ~25 km2 (at present) study area, (3) capturing the topographic and thermal evolution of the lava flow. The methods to be used to achieve these objectives include repeat mapping with thermal and visible sensors via sUAS platforms, establishing ground control through differential GPS occupations, and remote sensing post-processing and spatial data analysis.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.