RAPID: Well and Profitable during Pacific Northwest Fires: modeling I-O air pollution measured by fine and ultra-fine particulate matters

第一部分：截至2018年8月，华盛顿西部存在110起大型森林火灾。州卫生官员已经指定普吉湾地区连续多天空气质量不健康。森林火灾烟雾的主要健康问题之一是可以进入血液的微观颗粒物（PM-25）。虽然这种健康影响是已知的，但我们并不清楚在大规模森林火灾爆发的罕见时期，室内空气质量如何受到高PM-25室外空气质量渗透的影响。这项提案利用了一个有限的机会窗口，以获得关于普吉湾地区室内和室外空气质量的数据，该地区有370万居民。该研究将测量受大规模森林火灾爆发影响的地区的PM-25，并对该地区的四座建筑进行深入研究，以解决人们如何在野火季节保持室内健康以及企业如何更好地支持员工健康的基本问题。 第二部分：该提案的目标是在大规模野火爆发附近的室内和室外位置全面收集细颗粒物和超细颗粒物数据，对具有已知空气处理操作的办公楼的空气质量进行基于案例研究的现场实验，并了解员工健康以及组织的成功和盈利能力如何受到偶发森林火灾的影响。空气质量数据将通过手持设备收集，并将使用测量的室内和室外颗粒物浓度进行回归分析。将采用递归模型来计算各种颗粒物浓度的渗透系数。主成分分析将用于帮助确定产生各种室内颗粒物的可能来源。潜在的心理代价将定量和定性评估问卷测量感知生产力，室内空气质量的可控性，和环境的信任。相关性和内容分析以及配对样本t检验将揭示空气质量差时期这些变量之间的关联，并将其与基线空气质量进行比较。这一主题之所以重要，有几个原因。首先，缺乏一个全国性的监测网络来跟踪超细颗粒物，这阻碍了研究界对这些颗粒物进行强有力的健康研究。第二，室内和室外空气污染水平之间存在信息不对称。事实上，对室外环境细颗粒物的唯一测量描绘了空气污染总暴露的不完整画面。第三，虽然有关于自然灾害的心理健康反应的研究，但不适带来的微妙心理损失（例如，头痛、喉咙发痒、户外活动受限）（例如，野火区邻近地区的空气质量恶化）很少讨论。这项建议提供了一个机会，自然实地研究;结果可以用来比较其他实验室和实验研究。美国的办公楼占现有商业建筑数量和总面积的50%以上。关于细颗粒和超细颗粒在工作环境中的渗透，没有学术数据。这项研究将填补有关工作环境中细颗粒和超细颗粒渗透所需信息的数据空白。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Part 1: As of August 2018, 110 large forest fires exist in western Washington. State health officials have designated many consecutive days of unhealthy air quality in the Puget Sound area. One of the primary health concerns of forest fire smoke is with microscopic particulate matter (PM-25) that can enter the bloodstream. While this health impact is known, we do not have a good understanding of how indoor air quality is impacted by infiltration of high PM-25 outdoor air quality during infrequent periods of massive forest fire outbreaks. This proposal takes advantage of a limited window of opportunity for obtaining data on the indoor and outdoor air quality in the Puget Sound region home to 3.7 million residents. The research will measure PM-25 in locations impacted by the massive forest fire outbreak, coupled with intensive studies of four building in the region to address fundamental questions about how people can stay healthier indoors during the wildfire season, and how businesses can better support employee health. Part 2: The objectives of this proposal are to develop a comprehensive collection of fine and ultrafine particulate matter data in both indoor and outdoor locations near a massive wildfire outbreak, conduct a case-study-based field experimentation of air quality in office buildings with known air handling operations, and understand how worker health and the success and profitability of organizations are impacted by episodic forest fires. Air quality data will be collected by handheld equipment and regression analyses will be performed using the measured indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations. A recursive model will be adapted to calculate the infiltration factor for various particulate matter concentrations. Principal component analysis will be used to help identify probable sources that produce various indoor particulates. Potential psychological tolls will be both quantitatively and qualitatively assessed by questionnaires measuring perceived productivity, controllability of indoor air quality, and environmental trust. Correlational and content analyses, as well as paired-sample t-tests, will reveal associations between these variables during times of poor air quality and compare them against times of baseline air quality. This topic is significant for several reasons. First, the absence of a nationwide monitoring network to track ultrafine particulates has hampered the research community in developing robust health studies of these particles. Second, an information asymmetry exists between indoor and outdoor air pollution levels. Indeed, the sole measure of ambient outdoor fine particulate matter paints an incomplete picture of total exposure to air pollution. Third, while studies on mental health responses to natural disasters exist, the subtle psychological tolls from discomfort (e.g., headaches, scratchy throat, limited outdoor activities) experienced during a secondary-disaster (e.g., deterioration of air quality in neighboring regions of the wildfire zone) are seldom discussed. This proposal provides an opportunity for a naturalistic field study; results can be used to compare to other laboratory and experimental studies. Office buildings in the United States represent over 50 percent of existing commercial building stock by number and total square footage. Scholarly data are not available about the infiltration of fine and ultrafine particles in work environments. This research will fill a data void concerning needed information on the infiltration of fine and ultrafine particles in work environments.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.