Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Long Distance Trade and Social Complexity

克里斯托弗·施瓦茨先生将进行一项研究，考察人们在创造名额的过程中如何利用远程互动和交流网络，以及这一过程如何随着时间的推移而变化。考古记录通过追踪定居点的发展轨迹和相互作用网络随时间的变化，为这一主题提供了特别相关的见解。这项研究主要集中在一个对象，猩红金刚鹦鹉(Ara澳门)，以及它的影响远离其特有的故乡。本论文项目将采用一个新的框架，结合生物地球化学方法和物质文化理论视角，探索过去的人们是如何在过去的三个区域中心获得、处理和存放具有仪式意义的非本地物品的。更广泛地说，这个项目将提高人类学对相距遥远的社会在多大程度上以具有变革性的当地影响的方式互动的理解--这是前现代全球化的一种形式。此外，该项目将通过在亚利桑那州立大学、霍皮部落、亚利桑那州北部博物馆和国家公园管理局之间建立研究伙伴关系，加强研究关系和基础设施。因为这个项目直接研究神圣的动物遗骸，并解决与霍皮人社区相关的问题，所以这个项目是在直接咨询霍皮人文化保护办公室的情况下制定的。本论文研究将考察猩红金刚鹦鹉在前西班牙裔美国西南部和墨西哥西北部(西南/西北部)的几个方面的意义。尽管猩红金刚鹦鹉的自然栖息地遥远，位于墨西哥南部和中美洲以南数百公里处，但它们的进口、交换和牺牲似乎在公元900-1450年期间西南/西北地区中心的建立中发挥了不可或缺的作用。这段时间见证了大规模的移民，快速的人口聚集，以及在新墨西哥州东北部的Pueblo Bonito(公元900-1150年)、亚利桑那州中北部的Wupatki(公元1085-1220年)和奇瓦瓦西北部的Paquim(公元1200-1450年)的区域中心的远程交流关系的扩大。对猩红金刚鹦鹉骨骼组织的放射性锶同位素分析和通过材料历史框架应用的比较背景分析将用于(1)识别在西南部/西北部发现的猩红金刚鹦鹉是从中美洲进口的还是本地饲养的，(2)描述Pueblo Bonito、Wupatki和Paquim的猩红金刚鹦鹉的治疗和沉积情况，以及(3)确定猩红金刚鹦鹉的获取、治疗和沉积随时间的连续性或变化模式。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，认为值得支持。

Mr. Christopher Schwartz will conduct research to examine how people draw on networks of distant interaction and exchange in the process of placemaking, and how that process changes over time. The archaeological record offers particularly relevant insight into this topic through its ability to trace the developmental trajectories of settlements and changes in interaction networks over time. This research primarily focuses on one object, the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), and its influence far outside of its endemic homeland. This dissertation project will employ a novel framework, combining biogeochemical methods with a material culture theoretical perspective to explore how past people acquired, treated, and deposited ritually significant, non-local objects at three regional centers in the past. More broadly, this project will improve anthropological understandings of the extent to which societies separated by great distances interacted in ways that had transformative local influences - a form of pre-modern globalization. Additionally, this project will enhance relationships and infrastructure for research by creating research partnerships amongst Arizona State University, the Hopi Tribe, the Museum of Northern Arizona, and the National Park Service. Because this project directly studies sacred animal remains and addresses questions of relevance to the Hopi community, this project was formulated in direct consultation with the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office.This dissertation research will examine several dimensions of scarlet macaws that brought them significance in the pre-Hispanic US Southwest and Mexican Northwest (SW/NW). Despite the distant natural habitat of scarlet macaws, which is hundreds of kilometers to the south in southern Mexico and Central America, their importation, exchange, and sacrifice appear to have played integral roles in the establishment of SW/NW regional centers from 900-1450 AD. This time period saw large-scale migration, rapid population aggregation, and an expansion of long-distance exchange relations in regional centers at Pueblo Bonito (900-1150 CE) in northeastern New Mexico, Wupatki (1085-1220 AD) in north-central Arizona, and Paquim (1200-1450 AD) in northwestern Chihuahua. Radiogenic strontium isotope analysis of scarlet macaw skeletal tissue and comparative contextual analyses applied through a material histories framework will be used to (1) discern whether scarlet macaws discovered in the SW/NW were imported from Mesoamerica or raised locally, (2) characterize the treatment and deposition of scarlet macaws at Pueblo Bonito, Wupatki, and Paquim, and (3) identify patterns of continuity or change in acquisition, treatment, and deposition of scarlet macaws over time.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.