The Global Diffusion of Anti-Terrorism Law and Its Impact on Human Rights

加强全球反恐法律制度的国际努力促使许多国家对其国内法作出重大修改，将与恐怖主义有关的犯罪定为刑事犯罪。该项目调查在世界各地将反恐法律纳入国内法律制度的各种不同情况，并审查这些法律对人权的影响。许多人讨论了反恐法律对公民自由的影响，权衡了社会应该如何在尊重个人自由和保护国家安全之间取得平衡。然而，现有的反恐法律研究大多集中在欧洲国家和大国身上。这项研究更全面地分析了反恐法律及其对人权的影响。该项目是第一个对反恐法律的人权影响进行系统的跨国研究的项目，为各国政府和联合国等政府间组织如何继续打击恐怖主义和相关形式的政治暴力，同时确保全球人权得到保护提供了见解。虽然国际反恐努力的主要目的是应对来自跨国恐怖组织的威胁，但本项目考虑到对国内(国内)威胁的关切如何影响政府关于通过和执行新的反恐法律的决策。意识到国内政权受到重大内部威胁的政府通过了广泛的反恐法律--这是由于各国无法在国际一级就恐怖主义的定义达成一致--并将这些法律用作镇压国内政治反对的工具，往往侵犯公民的人权。在其反恐法律制度的全球分析中，该项目使用193个国家1945至2020年国内反恐法律的原始跨国数据集，审查了反恐法律的通过、实施和对人权的影响。这一新的数据集包括关于将五种与恐怖主义有关的重大罪行定为犯罪的法律的范围和内容的详细信息：恐怖主义行为、资助恐怖主义、招募个人加入恐怖团体、向恐怖团体提供武器或庇护所以及煽动恐怖主义。除了为定量研究提供这些新数据外，该项目还将创建一个世界各地反恐法律的在线可搜索数据库，从而扩大对全球反恐法律制度可靠数据的获取。与定量分析相辅相成的是一系列定性案例研究，调查反恐法律的起源及其对人权的影响。这一裁决反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

International efforts to strengthen the global anti-terrorism legal regime prompts many countries to make significant changes to their domestic laws criminalizing terrorism-related offenses. This project investigates variation in the incorporation of anti-terrorism law into domestic legal systems worldwide and examines the human rights consequences of these laws. Many have debated the impact of anti-terrorism laws on civil liberties, weighing questions about how societies ought to balance respect for individual freedoms with a desire to protect national security. Yet most existing studies of anti-terrorism laws focus on European countries and great powers. This study provides a more comprehensive analysis of anti-terrorism law and its human rights impacts. This project is the first to provide a systematic cross-country study of the human rights impact of anti-terrorism laws, offering insights into how governments and intergovernmental organizations like the UN can continue to combat terrorism and associated forms of political violence, while ensuring protections for human rights worldwide. Although international anti-terrorism efforts were intended primarily to address the threat from transnational terrorist groups, this project considers how concern regarding internal (domestic) threats impacted government decision making regarding the adoption and implementation of new anti-terrorism laws. Governments that perceived significant internal threats to their domestic political power adopted expansive anti-terrorism laws – made possible by the inability of countries to agree on a definition of terrorism at the international level - and used these laws as a tool to repress domestic political opposition, often in violation of citizens’ human rights. In its global analysis of the anti-terrorism legal regime, this project examines the adoption, implementation, and human rights impact of anti-terrorism laws using an original, cross-national data set on domestic anti-terrorism laws in 193 countries from 1945 to 2020. This new data set includes detailed information on the scope and content of laws criminalizing five major terrorism-related offenses: terrorist acts, terrorist financing, recruitment of individuals to terrorist groups, provision of weapons or safe haven to terrorist groups, and incitement of terrorism. In addition to making these new data available for quantitative research, the project will create an online searchable database of anti-terrorism laws worldwide, thus expanding access to reliable data on the global legal regime for countering terrorism. Complementing the quantitative analyses are a series of qualitative case studies investigating the origins of anti-terrorism laws and their consequences for human rights.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.