FMSG: Cyber: Establishing a Cyber-Physical Framework and Pilot System of Wavelength Selective Photopolymerization based Rapid Continuous Multi-Material Manufacturing

基于光聚合的3D打印是一种快速原型制作和制造的方法。复杂的3D部件可以通过以空间选择性的方式将光反应树脂暴露于光来打印。这个未来制造种子基金（FMSG）CyberManufacturing项目将开发波长选择性3D打印的概念，其中紫外线和可见光波长的光将在聚合过程中使用，以实现3D物体内的不同材料特性。该奖项支持系统的基础研究，为基于波长选择性光聚合的多材料3D打印的开发提供知识和能力。这项技术的应用范围很广，从柔性电子产品、软机器人、建筑材料和生物组织。该项目促进美国在先进制造业的领导地位，促进科学进步，增加国家繁荣。它团结了具有不同专业知识的研究人员，包括3D打印，聚合物化学，传感器和机器人技术。研究人员将通过与当地公立学校和科学博物馆的合作，在本科和K-12水平上开展3D打印技术的推广活动，以吸引不同的学生进入STEM领域。这种3D打印方法简化了材料切换方法，避免了重新对齐和清洁的繁琐步骤。具体而言，目前多材料光聚合印刷需要“树脂桶变化”，这只允许层之间的材料变化，而不是每层内的材料变化。这项研究将填补双波长光聚合3D打印基本机制的知识空白，包括化学动力学，相变，热力学和界面力学。本计画发展多物理场模型与模拟方法，以阐明两种并行且不同的光聚合路径，以实现不同的性质。另一个推力是一个高度仪表化的平台，用于新工艺的现场监测，具有新颖的现场光学干涉测量法，可以提供独特的多固化工艺动态的实时全场见解。最终，新的工艺-结构-性能关系将通过对来自理论模型模拟、原位监测和非原位表征的数据进行机器学习来量化。研究成果将促进新兴的多波长光聚合打印，新的光化学和聚合物以及多材料3D打印的新应用的研究。 该奖项由ENG董事会CMMI部门和MPS董事会CHE部门支持。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估而被认为值得支持。

Photopolymerization-based 3D printing is a method for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. Complex 3D parts can be printed by exposing a photoreactive resin to light in a spatially-selective manner. This Future Manufacturing Seed Grant (FMSG) CyberManufacturing project will develop a concept of wavelength-selective 3D printing wherein both ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light will be used during polymerization to realize distinct material properties within a 3D object. This award supports a systematic fundamental study to provide knowledge and capabilities for the development of multi-material 3D printing based on wavelength-selective photopolymerization. Numerous applications are envisaged for this technology, ranging from flexible electronics, soft robotics, architected materials, and biological tissues. This project promotes US leadership in advanced manufacturing, promote scientific progress, and increase national prosperity. It unites researchers with diverse expertise including 3D printing, polymer chemistry, and sensors and robotics. The investigators will conduct outreach at undergraduate and K-12 level on 3D printing technology to attract diverse students towards STEM fields via collaborations with a local public school and science museum.A 3D printing technology aims to address the pressing need for an advanced technology to fabricate multi-material parts rapidly and continuously. This 3D printing method simplifies the material switch-over method avoiding tedious steps of re-alignment and cleaning. Specifically, at present, multi-material photopolymerization printing requires "resin vat changes", which only permits material variation between layers, but not within each layer. This research will fill the knowledge gap on fundamental mechanisms of two-wavelength photopolymerization 3D printing including chemical kinetics, phase transition, thermodynamics, and interfacial mechanics. This project develops a multi-physics model and simulation method for elucidating the two concurrent and different photopolymerization pathways to realize distinct properties. An additional thrust is a highly instrumented platform for in-situ monitoring of the new process, featuring a novel in-situ optical interferometry that can provide otherwise unattainable real-time full-field insights of the unique multi-curing process dynamics. Ultimately, the new process-structure-property relations will be quantified by machine learning of the data from theoretical model simulation, in-situ monitoring, and ex-situ characterization. The research outcomes will facilitate the research on emerging multi-wavelength photopolymerization printing, new photo chemistries and polymers, and novel applications of multi-material 3D printing. This award is supported by the CMMI Division in the ENG Directorate and the CHE Division in the MPS Directorate.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.