SBP: Collaborative Research: The impact of naturally occurring and experimentally manipulated interracial contact on social cognition

美国持续的种族紧张局势导致人们重新对减少沿着种族界限的偏见产生了兴趣。解决种族偏见的一个突出范例是为不同种族的人创造相互接触的机会。种族间的接触可能是一种有效的干预措施，但如果没有对减少种族偏见的确切条件的坚定理解，它就不太可能像预期的那样发挥作用。接触应该有多深？对于一个群体中的人来说，仅仅看到其他群体的人就足够了，而没有任何努力去认出每个人（即，仅仅是暴露）？是否有必要频繁地看到个人，以便在不了解他们的任何其他情况下认出他们（即，知觉个体化）？或者与某人进行足够的互动以获取关于他们的个人信息（即，知识基础的个性化）。本项目对这三种不同种族间的接触形式进行了严格的分析，以测试接触的程度--同时保持接触的积极性--是否会影响人们对他人的感知和评价，从而对减少种族偏见产生下游影响。本项目的主要目的是研究不同形式的接触如何在面孔的视觉感知、自发判断、评价和信仰。研究1测试如何自然发生的跨种族接触的经验，在一生中占种族信息的分类和评价，并对其他种族群体的信念。研究2考察了相同的分类、评价和信念，同时实验性地操纵了暴露于他人的类型。研究3利用瞳孔测量和眼动追踪的方法，以表明其他人的脸后，有不同形式的接触的显着性。这些研究共同改变了我们对种族间接触是否、如何以及为什么能够有效减少种族偏见的理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并被认为值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估来支持。

Persistent racial tension in the US has led to renewed interest in reducing prejudice along racial lines. A prominent paradigm to address racial bias has been to create opportunities for people of different races to have contact with each other. Interracial contact can be an efficient intervention, but it is unlikely to work as intended without a firm understanding of the exact conditions that reduce racial bias. How deep must contact be? Is it sufficient for people in one group to merely see those of other groups, without any effort to recognize each person (i.e., mere exposure)? Is it necessary to see individuals frequently enough to recognize them without knowing anything else about them (i.e., perceptual individuation)? Or is it essential to interact with someone enough to acquire personal information about them (i.e., knowledge-based individuation)? This project provides a rigorous analysis of these three forms of interracial contact to test whether the extent of contact – while holding constant positivity of contact – can influence peoples' perceptions and evaluations of others, which can have downstream consequences for reducing racial prejudice.The primary aim of this project is to examine how different forms of contact shape racial bias on visual perception of faces, spontaneous judgments, evaluations, and beliefs. Study 1 tests how naturally occurring experiences of interracial contact over a lifetime account for the categorization and evaluation of racial information and for beliefs about other racial groups. Study 2 examines the same categorizations, evaluations, and beliefs, while experimentally manipulating the type of exposure to others. Study 3 utilizes pupillometry and eye-tracking methods to indicate the salience of others' faces after having different forms of contact. Together these studies stand to transform our understanding of whether, how, and why interracial contact could be an effective way to reduce racial prejudice.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.