Collaborative Research: The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study: Sustained Biogeochemical, Ecosystem and Ocean Change Observations and Linkages in the North Atlantic (Years 36-40)

几十年来对海洋物理、生物和化学的长期观测为了解海洋对环境变化的反应提供了一个强有力的透镜。该奖项将继续百慕大大西洋时间序列研究（BATS）的研究方案，该方案始于1988年，为另一个五年。在最佳可行技术观测站的观测为了解海洋在全球气候系统中的作用以及海洋碳系统和海洋生态系统对气候扰动的反应提供了重要信息。BATS计划的研究目标仍然是提高我们对海洋碳循环和相关元素（如氮，磷和二氧化硅）的时变成分的理解，并确定造成这种变化的物理，化学和生态系统特性。BATS计划具有广泛而多样的影响，通过提供高质量的海洋观测和其他研究人员可以构思和测试假设的框架，为海洋科学领域做出了贡献。此外，亚利桑那州立大学全球未来实验室最近收购了百慕大海洋科学研究所，为教育机会和创新提供了新的途径。在北大西洋的亚热带环流中，变暖、盐碱化、脱氧、海洋生态系统变化和酸化加速了它们的变化速度。基本问题和挑战仍然是关于理解现在和未来的海洋功能，预测和建模。BATS计划的一个首要问题是：海洋生物地球化学和生态系统功能是否会继续变化，以应对海洋变暖、盐碱化、分层、脱氧和酸化的加速？考虑到这个问题，BATS计划的持续目标是：1。量化海气耦合和气候变率对二氧化碳（CO2）海气交换和向海洋内部输出碳的作用; 2。记录以下方面的趋势和控制：（a）碳和养分循环的年际至十年尺度变化及其通过雷德菲尔德比率范例在表层和深海的耦合;（B）北大西洋贫营养生物群落结构对低频气候变化的反应; 3.量化浮游生物和微生物群落的结构和功能以及对生物地球化学循环的影响（包括新的和输出的生产力）对地表通量变化的反应（例如，热量、淡水和动量）和物理过程（例如，中尺度涡旋、Rossby波、内波）; 4.促进下一代海洋传感器、工具和技术的开发、校准和验证; 5.生成可供生态学家和建模人员使用的数据集，以测试有关北大西洋海洋地球化学和生态系统功能的新假设; 6.利用BATS巡航、基础设施、实验室和分析专业知识以及数据来改善BATS员工、STEM素养学生和未来海洋学家的多样性、公平性和包容性（DEI）、教育和培训计划。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Long-term observations of ocean physics, biology, and chemistry across decades provide a powerful lens for understanding the response of the oceans to environmental change. This award will continue the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) research program, which began in 1988, for another five years. Observations at the BATS site provide crucial information for understanding the ocean’s role in the global climate system and the response of the ocean carbon system and marine ecosystems to climate perturbations. The research goals of the BATS program continue to be to improve our understanding of the time-varying components of the ocean carbon cycle and related elements of interest (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica) and to identify the physical, chemical, and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The BATS program has substantial and diverse broader impacts, contributing to the field of ocean sciences by providing high-quality ocean observations and a framework in which other researchers can conceive and test hypotheses. In addition, the recent acquisition of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences by the Global Futures Laboratory of Arizona State University provides new avenues for educational opportunities and innovation.In the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean, warming, salinification, deoxygenation, ocean ecosystem changes, and acidification have accelerated their rate of change. Fundamental questions and challenges remain about understanding present and future ocean function, prediction, and modelling. An overarching question for the BATS program is: Will ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning continue to change in response to the acceleration of ocean warming, salinification, stratification, deoxygenation and acidification? With this question in mind, the sustained goals for the BATS program are: 1. Quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate variability on air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon export to the ocean interior; 2. Document trends and controls of the following: (a) the interannual to decadal scale variability in carbon and nutrient cycles and their coupling in the surface and deep ocean via the Redfield Ratio paradigm; and, (b) biological community structure in the oligotrophic North Atlantic Ocean in response to low-frequency climate variability; 3. Quantify the response of planktonic and microbial community structure and function and impact on biogeochemical cycles (including new and export productivity) to variability in surface fluxes (e.g., heat, freshwater and momentum) and physical processes (e.g., mesoscale eddies, Rossby Waves, internal waves); 4. Facilitate development, calibration and validation of next-generation oceanographic sensors, tools and technologies; 5. Generate datasets that can be used by empiricists and modelers to test new hypotheses about North Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning; 6. Use BATS cruise, infrastructure, laboratory and analytical expertise, and data to improve diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), education and training programs for BATS staff, STEM-literate students, and future oceanographers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.