The evolutionary history of Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Central Europe: Population and phylogenomics of a cold relic in a warming world

Cochlearia(十字花科)在中欧的进化史：变暖世界中冷遗迹的种群和系统发育学Cochlearia属代表着一个孤立的进化谱系，在中新世与它的地中海姐妹支系分开，因为直到更新世冰川和去冰川周期才经历了任何重要的物种形成。在更新世期间，大约有20个分类群进化，大多数物种与寒冷的特征栖息地密切相关。不同倍性水平的相似生态和表型出现了，并且在欧洲和北极圈几乎没有分布。一个物种亚类主要发生在海岸线上，第二个亚类高度局限于山区和高海拔/高海拔地区。拟议的项目旨在在高分辨率的空间和时间尺度上揭开各种物种、亚种和细胞类型的进化史。由此产生的进化-系统框架将为特别研究关于并行进化和适应寒冷环境的假设奠定基础，这些假设具有其各自的生境特征和类型(例如基岩类型、海拔等)。耳壳研究系统为研究紧密相连的性状和特征提供了很好的机会，因为各种自然出现的物种对显然是相互分离的，至少在地理上是分开的。这将允许研究和测试明确的并行进化和适应。这里使用的数据主要基于下一代测序数据，利用所有三种植物基因组(核、叶绿体、线粒体)的信息。这些数据不仅可以进行高分辨率的分析，还将提供对数千个基因和定位的第一次访问。耳壳属也应该朝着研究未来冷适应的分子(基因组)进化特征的系统发展。为此目的，在概念上合并了西地中海姐妹组Ionopsidium，以相应地扩大和促进今后的研究。

The evolutionary history of Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Central Europe: Population- and phylogenomics of a cold relic in a warming worldThe genus Cochlearia represents an isolated evolutionary lineage that diverged from its Mediterranean sister clade during the Miocene and since that did not underwent any significant speciation until Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles. During the Pleistocene approximately 20 taxa evolved, with most of the species closely associated with cold-characterized habitats. Similar eco- and phenotypes of varying ploidy levels emerged and are scarcely distributed all over Europe and the Circumarctic. One sub-group of species is occurring mostly along coastal lines and a second sub-group is highly restricted to mountain and high elevation/altitude regions. The proposed project aims to unravel the evolutionary history of the various species, subspecies and cytotypes on a high-resolution-scale in space and time. The resulting evolutionary-systematic framework will lay the ground to study in particular hypotheses on parallel evolution and adaptation to cold environments with its respective characteristics and types of habitats (e.g. bedrock types, elevation, etc.). The Cochlearia study system provides the great opportunity to study closely linked traits and characters, because of various naturally occurring species pairs which are obviously, at least geographically, separated from each other. This will allow to study and test explicitly parallel evolution and adaptation.The data used herein are mostly based on next-generation-sequencing data utilizing information from all three plant genomes (nuclear, plastid, mitochondrial). These data will not only allow high-resolution analysis, but will also provide first access to thousands of genes and loci.The genus Cochlearia should be also developed towards a system to study in future molecular(genomic)-evolutionary signatures of cold adaptation. For this purposes the western Mediterranean sistergroup Ionopsidium is conceptually integrated to expand and stimulate future research accordingly.