Measurement instrument design, modelling and validation of an ESD sub-competence for the quantitative assessment of alternative courses of action

科学素养以及德国科学辩论中的相关概念(Gestaltungskompetenz、Bewertungskompetenz)旨在培养认知能力，以应对可持续发展的现实世界挑战。一个重要的应用领域是环境，包括有关气候变化或生物多样性的问题。在国际上，这些问题都是由科学教育研究作为社会科学论证、社会科学推理和社会科学决策来解决的。在这一领域，也定位了用于社会科学推理和决策的Göttingen模型。哥廷根模型描述了在一个道德和科学复杂的世界中应对决策挑战的能力。通常，任何应对此类挑战的选择都有不同的利弊。在Göttingen模型中，已经成功地描述、建模和验证了子能力定性地评估和反映解决方案(BER)。BER包括系统地将科学事实与个人和社会规范和价值观联系起来的能力。不是根据赞成或反对一项选择的决定来判断各自的能力，而是通过对用于作出决定的论证的分析来判断各自的能力。关于可持续发展的复杂政策选择的实际社会和政治论述越来越依赖科学和社会经济影响评估的量化方法。主导决策的往往是经济前提条件以及政策选择的经济影响。尽管这些方法具有相关性，但到目前为止，这些方法并不是能力研究的重点；这一应用旨在推动哥廷根模型在这里的发展。应对各自的能力进行描述、建模和验证。虽然支持或反对某一具体政策选择的决定仍以个人规范和价值观为基础，但这些方法在物质上和数学上的充分应用表明，与不充分的方法相比，它们具有更高的能力。例如，不同土地利用选择对温室气体排放、生物多样性和农业毛利的影响是否计算正确，并在成本效益分析中得到充分利用？具体地说，该项目的目的是从经验上验证理论上假定的次级能力，即使用环境和体制经济方法分析与可持续发展相关的潜在政策选择(量化评估和反映解决办法--经济学，Lur)。它将测试Lur是否可以用Rasch部分学分模型来建模，以及Lur是否实际上是补充Göttingen模型现有组成部分的一个附加子能力。我们的目标是开发一种可靠、有效的LUR测量仪器。另外，还将针对数学能力、分析推理能力和经济素养进行辨别验证。

Scientific literacy as well as related concepts in the German scientific debate (Gestaltungskompetenz, Bewertungskompetenz) aim at fostering the cognitive competences to meet real-world challenges of sustainable development. An important applied domain is the environment including issues regarding climate change or biological diversity. Internationally, these issues are addressed by science education research as socioscientific argumentation, socioscientific reasoning and socioscientific decision making. In this field, also the Göttingen Model for socioscientific reasoning and decision making is located. The Göttingen Model describes competences for dealing with decision making challenges set in a morally and scientifically complex world. Regularly, any option to meet such challenges has a differing profile of advantages and disadvantages. Within the Göttingen Model, the sub-competence Evaluating and reflecting solutions qualitatively (BER) has been successfully described, modelled and validated. BER includes the competence to systematically relate scientific facts to individual and societal norms and values. Respective competences are not judged by the decision for or against an option but by an analysis of the argumentation used to reach the decision. The actual social and political discourse on complex policy options in sustainable development is increasingly relying on quantitative methods of scientific and socio-economic impact assessment. Often it is the economic preconditions as well as the economic impacts of policy options that dominate decision making. In spite of their relevance, these methods have not been a focus of competence research to date; this application aims at advancing the Göttingen Model here. Respective competences are to be described, modelled and validated. While the decision for or against a specific policy option remains to be based on individual norms and values, the materially and mathematically adequate application of the methods indicates higher competences than an inadequate one. For example, are the impacts of different land use options on the release of greenhouse gases, biodiversity and agricultural gross margins calculated correctly, and used adequately in a cost-effectiveness analysis? Specifically, it is the aim of the project to empirically validate a theoretically postulated sub-competence on using environmental and institutional economic methods to analyse potential policy options with relevance for sustainable development (Evaluating and reflecting solutions quantitatively-economically, LUR). It will be tested if LUR can be modelled with a Rasch Partial Credit Model, and if LUR is, in fact, an additional sub-competence complementing existing components of the Göttingen Model. We aim at the development of a reliable and valid measurement instrument for LUR. Additional discriminating validations will be carried out against mathematical competence, analytical reasoning, and economic literacy.