Context-dependence of biodiversity effects and real-world perspective

在过去的二十年里，在澄清生物多样性和生态系统功能之间的关系方面取得了巨大的进展。在这项提案中，我们解决了在这一领域取得进一步进展所面临的四个挑战。不同的生态系统功能对植物多样性的变化有各种各样的反应，这也取决于所考虑的生态系统。因此，对于基础生态学来说，重要的是理解a)为什么不同生态系统和不同生态系统功能之间生物多样性的影响不同，以及b)生物多样性对不同功能的影响是否以及为什么存在权衡和协同效应。我们将分析生物多样性变化对不同生态系统变量影响的驱动因素，并分析不同生态系统功能之间的协同作用和权衡。这些分析将利用在耶拿实验中收集的丰富数据，并在跨地点比较中，包括其他生物多样性实验的数据。出于基本的和应用的原因，重要的是c)将在生物多样性实验中发现的结果放在现实世界的背景下，以及d)提高我们对多样性对生态系统服务的作用的理解，从而对生态系统管理的作用。我们将通过系统地比较生物多样性实验和现实世界系统之间的结果和机制，并通过评估生物多样性对生态系统服务的影响来解决这个问题。耶拿实验、进一步的实验和生物多样性探索的结果将进行比较。在生物多样性探索中，生物多样性和生态系统功能是根据现实世界中土地利用强度的梯度进行研究的。此外，还将制定不同的生态系统服务情景，对其进行经济评估，并研究生物多样性的潜在作用。这一分项目将与研究股的其他分项目密切合作，并将耶拿实验与关于生物多样性对生态系统功能和生态系统服务的作用的其他重大国际研究工作联系起来。

In the last two decades there has been enormous progress on clarifying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In this proposal, we address four challenges for further progress in the field. There is a wide variety of responses of different ecosystem functions to changes in plant diversity, which also depend on the considered ecosystem. For fundamental ecology it is thus important to understand a) why the effects of biodiversity differ between different ecosystems and different ecosystem functions, and b) if and why there are trade-offs and synergies in biodiversity effects on different functions. We will analyse drivers of the variation in biodiversity effects on different ecosystem variables and analyse synergies and trade-offs between different ecosystem functions. These analyses will make use of the wealth of data collected in the Jena Experiment, and, in cross-site comparisons, include data of other biodiversity experiments. For fundamental and applied reasons it is important c) to put the results found in biodiversity experiments in a real-world context, and d) to improve our understanding of the role of diversity for ecosystem services and, in consequence, for ecosystem management. We will address this by systematically comparing results and mechanisms between biodiversity experiments and real-world systems, and by assessing biodiversity effects on ecosystem services. Results from the Jena Experiment, further experiments, and the Biodiversity Exploratories - where biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is studied along a gradient of land-use intensity in the real world - will be compared. Moreover, different ecosystem-service scenarios will be developed, valuated economically and the underlying role of biodiversity will be studied. This subproject will collaborate closely with the other subprojects of the research unit and it will link the Jena Experiment to other major international research efforts on the role of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services.