Know-how in flax production - Specialised farmers of the Late Neolithic period (4300-2200 B.C.) in the circum-alpine region. An interdisciplinary study on the spread and use of the cultivated plant flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

此应用程序的目标是完成大量结果的发布。关于有用植物亚麻的文化史的其他方面将通过应用跨学科方法对新发现的考古发现进行调查。这样项目就会圆满完成。在康斯坦茨湖和上斯瓦本出土的两组纺锤轮与来自东南欧的庞大数据集进行了比较。新采用的植物纤维生产技术伴随着纤维亚麻的引进，这可以用东南欧新移民来解释。公元前4千年，一种新型纤维亚麻被引入阿尔卑斯地区，这一假设与技术创新有关，这一假设可以通过对50个考古遗址和192个特征的亚麻种子的测量来证明。新的事实是，从公元前4千年开始，在两个地点已经出现了亚麻纤维。在10个湿地中，对同一层的烧焦和未烧焦的亚麻种子进行了测量。计算出的焦化比率（商数）将使整个欧洲和近东的焦化亚麻种子与纤维或油品种联系起来。这一结果将与两个品种的形态特征的描述和文件一起发表。从项目开始就进行了亚麻老土种的对照试验。这次收获提供了足够的材料进行比较，现在可以用来重建新石器时代的生存策略。测量的千粒重将有助于计算植物密度，从而计算新石器时代耕地的作物产量。该数据集应在该项目的最后阶段发布。在第一个项目阶段，新石器时代的亚麻植物消失了。但在2018年，人们在z<e:1>里奇湖的一个湿地发现了这样的种群，并由z<e:1>里奇州文化遗产局对整个街区进行了采样。考古植物学分析报告给了我。该区块将通过应用传统和新的分析方法进行分析：植物宏观遗骸，植物岩和古代DNA。目的是重建原始高度，分支因子和杂草污染，以重建新石器时代亚麻的生长条件。这个项目肯定会从这些新的结果中受益。

This application has the goal to complete the publications of numerous results. Additional aspects on the cultural history of the useful plant flax will be investigated on a newly discovered archaeological finding by applying interdisciplinary methods. Thereby the project will be completed in a satisfying way.Two sets of spindle whorls from excavations at Lake Constance and in Upper Swabia were compared with a huge dataset from South-eastern Europe. The newly adopted know-how of plant fibre production goes along with the introduction of fibre flax and can be explained by the immigration of new people from South-eastern Europe. The hypothesis that a new breed of fibre flax was introduced to the Alpine region during the 4th millennium BC associated with technical innovation could be proven by measurements of flax seeds from 50 archaeological sites and 192 features. New is the fact that at two sites fibre flax already appeared from the start of the 4th millennium BC.From ten wetland sites measurements from charred and uncharred flax seeds were taken from the same layer. A charring ratio (quotient) was calculated that will enable to relate charred flax seeds from entire Europe and the Near East to either the fibre or the oil variety. This result will be published together with a description and documentation of the morphological features of both varieties. Controlled experiments of cultivating old land races of flax are performed since the beginning of the project. The harvest delivers sufficient material for comparison that can now be used for the reconstruction of the Neolithic subsistence strategy. The measured thousand-seed weight will help to calculate the plant density and thereby the crop yield of the Neolithic cultivated area. This dataset should be published during the final phase of this project.During the first project phase a Neolithic stock of flax plants was missing. But in 2018 such a stock was discovered in a wetland site at Lake Zürich and sampled as a whole block by the Cultural heritage Agency of the Canton Zürich. The archaeobotanical analyses were offered to me. The block will be analysed by applying conventional and new analytical methods: botanical macro remains, phytoliths, and ancient DNA. The goal is to reconstruct the original height and the branching factor and weed contamination in order to reconstruct the growing conditions of the Neolithic flax. The project will definitely benefit from these new results.