Biotic consequences of temperature-related stresses across temporal scales

了解现存物种的生理限制是至关重要的，以解释古代的温度相关的压力（TRS）的反应。同样，预测生物对当前气候变化的反应将受益于对过去地质学中观察到的生物反应的分析。嵌入在研究单元TERSANE，我们提出了一个项目，明确结合新生物学和古生物学的方法来评估气候变暖，海洋酸化和不同程度的海洋生物缺氧的后果。该项目的重点是汇编和分析大型数据集，有三个主要组成部分：（1）对（a）现存生物的元分析将总结关于海洋生物的反应和临界限度的实验和观测数据，以量化较高的、可分类的类群对变暖、海洋酸化和缺氧的敏感性及其协同作用，以及（B）化石观察的元分析将集中于评估小人国效应的真实性，小人国效应是在大规模灭绝之后身体尺寸的减小，有时被认为与TRS有关。(2)对化石记录中的原生生物数据的分析将评估二叠纪末和早侏罗世灭绝事件的生理学和地理学选择性，以测试现代观测得出的生理学原理是否会在极端气候变化的情况下增加选择性灭绝的风险。(3)从局部地区评估古代气候和环境变化的速率对于测试这些速率是否真的低于过去50年，或者过去观察到的明显较低的速率是否只是由于不同的时间尺度而造成的统计假象至关重要。比例调整后的速率估计将有助于使我们的研究结果与现代气候变化生态学相关。这三个组成部分最终将被整合，以评估在古和现存数据中可见的模式和生态生理选择性。

Understanding the physiological constraints of extant species is of critical importance to interpret ancient responses to temperature-related stresses (TRS). Likewise, anticipating the biotic responses to current climate change will benefit from an analysis of biotic responses observed in the geological past. Embedded in the Research Unit TERSANE we propose a project, which explicitly combines neontological and paleontological approaches to assess the consequences of warming, ocean acidification, and various degrees of hypoxia for marine life. The project focuses on the compilation and analysis of large datasets and has three main components: (1) A meta-analysis of (a) extant organisms will summarize experimental and observational data on responses and critical limits of marine organisms to quantify the sensitivities of higher, fossilizable taxa to warming, ocean acidification, and hypoxia and their synergies, and (b) a meta-analysis of fossil observations will focus on assessing the veracity of the Lilliput effect, the reduction of body sizes in the aftermath of mass extinctions, which is sometimes thought to be related to TRS. (2) The analysis of primary occurrence data from the fossil record will evaluate the physiological and biogeographic selectivity of the end-Permian and Early Jurassic extinction events to test if the physiological principles derived from modern observations scale up to selective extinction risk in the face of extreme climate change. (3) The assessment of ancient rates of climate and environmental changes from local sections is critical to test if these rates were genuinely lower than over the last 50 years, or if the apparently lower rates observed in the past are just statistical artifacts due to the different time scales. A scaling-adjusted rate estimate will help making our findings relevant for modern climate change ecology. These three components will finally be integrated to evaluate the commonality of patterns and eco-physiological selectivity of extinctions as visible in paleo- and extant data.