The Return of Race-based Inequalities in Contemporary Cuba: The Impact of Current Reforms and Past Migration

很少有社会变革比1959年的古巴革命更彻底地打击基于种族的不平等。然而，在S经济不断变化的今天，新的社会分层正在沿着明显的种族界限出现。社会不平等和种族*都是革命前古巴的主导主题，再次成为关键的、重叠的问题。在以往研究的基础上，本项目的指导假设是，古巴基于种族的不平等现象的回归是两个关键因素相互作用的结果：a)过去的移徙模式及其持续影响；b)当前的经济、社会和政治变化和改革。由于古巴革命极大地影响了以白人精英和中产阶级为主的利益，他们的向外移民导致了基本上是白人的古巴侨民。这意味着，通过家庭关系寄出的汇款基本上将非白人人口排除在外。随着当前的市场改革，这些资本流动成为岛上新业务投资的关键来源，从而成为结构重新分层的推动力。最近美古关系的缓和可能会加深这一趋势，因为这将进一步加强古巴裔美国人与他们在古巴的亲属之间的旅行、贸易和交流。此外，由于最近的西班牙所谓孙子S法，20万古巴白人除了古巴国籍外，还可以声称自己是西班牙公民。再加上2013年古巴S放开旅行的法律，这种增强的国际流动性成为进出口活动的关键资产，这与大多数非洲裔古巴人在申请美国、欧盟或其他国家的签证时面临的困难形成了鲜明对比。为了探讨这些因素对古巴社会再分层的影响，我们的实地调查将采用混合方法。对全岛个人进行的1,000份问卷调查将对古巴S新的社会分层提供接近代表性的评估；此外，还将进行100次深入、定性的采访，以深入了解潜在的社会动态。由于在古巴进行研究的特殊情况，到目前为止还没有可比的国际实证研究。然而，由于在古巴有超过35年的综合研究经验(包括许多独立调查)，岛上牢固的机构合作伙伴关系，以及值得信赖的当地研究团队，申请者非常适合保证S项目的可行性。*我们坚持美国人类学协会通过的关于种族的声明：http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.因此，我们将种族和种族理解为一种社会结构，并在全文中将其作为社会结构来使用。

Few social transformations have attacked race-based inequalities more thoroughly than the 1959 Cuban Revolution. However, in today s context of a changing economy, new social stratifications are emerging along clearly visible, racial lines. Social inequality and race*, both dominant themes in pre-revolutionary Cuba, have once again become key, overlapping issues. Building on previous research the guiding hypothesis of this project is that the return of race-based inequalities in Cuba results from the interaction of two key factors: a) past migration patterns and their ongoing implications; and b) current economic, social and political changes and reforms. As the Cuban Revolution greatly affected the interests of the pre-dominantly white elites and middle classes, their out-migration resulted in an essentially white Cuban diaspora. This implies that remittances sent along family ties essentially exclude the non-White population. With the current market reforms these flows become the key source on the island for investment in new business, and in consequence, a driving force of structural re-stratification. The recent US-Cuban detente is likely to deepen this trend as it will further intensify travel, trade and communications between Cuban-Americans and their relatives on the island. Moreover, as a result of the recent Spanish so-called Grand-children s law 200,000 white Cubans have been able to claim Spanish citizenship in addition to their Cuban nationality. Combined with Cuba s 2013 law liberalizing travel, this enhanced international mobility becomes a key asset for import and export activities, which is in sharp contrast to the difficulties most Afro-Cubans face when applying for visas to the US, EU or other countries. To explore the impact of these factors on the re-stratification of Cuban society our empirical fieldwork will use a mixed methods approach. A survey with 1,000 questionnaires with individuals across the island will provide a close to representative assessment of Cuba s new social stratification; in addition 100 in-depth, qualitative interviews will be carried out that will give insights into the underlying social dynamics. Due to the particular circumstances of doing research in Cuba, there have so far been no comparable, international empirical studies. However, with over 35 years of combined research experience in Cuba (including numerous independent surveys), solid institutional partnerships on the island, and a trusted, local research team, the applicants are uniquely suited to warrant the project s viability. * We adhere to the statement on race adopted by the American Anthropological Association: http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm. As such, we understand the term race and racial to be a social construction and use it as such throughout the text.