Historic charcoal production in Brandenburg - analysis of the spatial dimension and the impacts on soil hydraulic properties

历史炭窑遗址具有人为的小规模浮雕特征和底物特征，是宝贵的土地利用历史档案。此外，这些历史上木炭生产的遗产影响着当前的土壤和生态系统。尽管对中欧历史窑址进行了大量研究，但关于木炭生产作为森林利用历史的一部分及其对土壤性质的影响的相关性的核心问题仍未得到解决。几乎没有尝试对连续地区的窑址分布进行制图和分析，因此对土壤和生态系统的影响的表征主要限于单个地点。这些知识差距在北欧低地尤其明显，那里对历史木炭生产的空间维度的研究仍然很少。先前的工作，主要是对露天矿山Jänschwalde（德国科特布斯北部）前场可能是考古发掘的最大的历史木炭窑场的详细研究表明，对历史木炭生产作为土地利用系统一部分的相关性，对木炭生产区域和窑址的数量，以及它们对景观尺度上土壤影响的相关性，特别是对该地区的相关性，都有相当程度的低估。因此，该项目旨在描述和评估历史木炭生产的空间维度以及勃兰登堡州地区（作为北欧低地的一部分）对土壤水力特性的相关影响。基于gis的分析和土壤学领域的方法将相结合来实现这一目标。该项目的组成部分是：1)基于历史和近期的景观和土地利用结构信息，利用基于gis的模型确定木炭产区；2)基于高分辨率数字高程模型对这些区域内的窑址位置和直径进行自动和区域制图，并分析其与自然和文化景观结构的空间分布关系；3)利用入渗试验和土壤水分动态监测对窑址土壤水力参数进行表征；4)利用基于gis的制图和土壤学结果的整合，在景观尺度上评估对土壤水分状况影响的相关性。

Historic charcoal kiln sites are characterized by anthropogenic small scale relief-features and substrates, and are valuable archives of land use history. In addition, these legacies of historic charcoal production affect current soils and ecosystems. Despite the numerous studies on historic kiln sites in Central Europe, central questions regarding the relevance of charcoal production as a part of forest use history and its effects on soil properties are still unsolved. Mapping and analysis of kiln site distribution for continuous areas was hardly attempted, and the characterization of effects on soils and ecosystems is therefore mainly limited to single sites. These knowledge gaps are particularly evident in the Northern European Lowland, where studies on the spatial dimension of historic charcoal production are still sparse. Previous work, mainly the detailed studies in the probably largest archaeologically excavated historic charcoal kiln field in forefield of the open cast mine Jänschwalde (north of Cottbus, Germany) indicates a considerable underestimation of the relevance of historic charcoal production as a part of the land use system, of the number of charcoal production areas and kiln sites, and therefore also of the relevance of their effects on soil on a landscape scale, especially for this region.The project therefore aims at describing and assessing the spatial dimensions of historic charcoal production and relevant effects on soil hydraulic properties for the area of the state of Brandenburg, as a part of the Northern European Lowland. GIS-based analyses and pedological field methods will be combined to achieve this aim. The constituent parts of the project are 1) the identification of charcoal production areas with a GIS-based model based on historic and recent information on landscape and land use structures; 2) the automated and areal mapping of kiln site positions and diameters within these areas based on high-resolution digital elevation models and the analysis of their spatial distribution in relation to natural and cultural landscape structures; 3) the characterization of soil hydraulic parameters of kiln sites using infiltration experiments and soil water regime monitoring; and 4) an assessment of the relevance of effects on soil water regimes at the landscape scale using a GIS-based integration of mapping and pedological results.