Knowledge in materials science and materials selection in 20th century technology

提交的研究项目代表了指定研究小组技术知识动力学的子项目（演讲者：Jan Kratzer教授）。“材料科学与材料选择在世纪技术中的知识”子课题从材料科学史和材料选择在设计中的作用两个方面探讨了技术科学中的知识动态。固体物理学和材料科学是物理学史和化学史研究者的主要研究领域。虽然人们忽视了使用合适的和强大的材料在世纪的技术创新中发挥了重要作用。但是，在技术史上，某些技术上有用的特性的发现、测量和发展以及结构设计中的选择过程的许多方面也被广泛忽视了。但这些过程往往使材料科学融入技术理论和实践。这一科学趋势的兴起花了几十年的时间，但当我们看到像迈克尔·阿什比这样的出版物时，这一趋势在今天被证明是合适的。首先从一门新兴学科的兴起这一角度对这一趋势进行了描述和分析。方法，机构，人和话语是典型的突出。第二，实践技术知识的基本组成部分及其动态的跨学科起源将被探讨。第三，将审查这些知识的组成部分是否（如果是的话，如何）浓缩在实践守则或技术模型中。长期的变化，不同的材料和缺失的前人研究构成了方法上的困难。这些问题将通过以下方式得到克服或至少最大限度地减少：将建筑设计、技术管理和技术哲学专家组成一个研究小组，并实施与该小组有关的三个按时间顺序排列的部门的业务结构。这三个按时间顺序排列的部分也提到了这个子项目的研究人员的以前的调查（Hundreds）。第一部分（CA）1900-1930）涉及经典材料测试，并与弗莱克教授的子项目6有关。第二部分（C。1920-1950）专注于当代轻型结构的主题，并与Meyer教授的子项目4有关。第三部分（1960 ff.）解决了设计中系统材料选择过程的兴起，并与Hoelzle教授/Kratzer教授的子项目3相融合。主要成果包括同行评审期刊上的跨学科论文和技术史领域的综合专著。

The submitted research project represents a sub project of the designated research group Dynamics of Knowledge in Technology (Speaker: Prof. Dr. Jan Kratzer). It refers to the academic discipline of history of science and technology with an emphasis on history of technology.The subproject Knowledge in materials science and materials selection in 20th century technology deals with the knowledge dynamics in technical sciences in terms of the history of materials science and materials selection in design. To date solid state physics and materials science have been investigated especially by researchers of history of physics and chemistry. Although it has been overlooked that the use of proper and powerful materials played a major role in the technological innovation in the 20th century. But many aspects of discovery, measurement and of the development of certain technologically useful properties and of selection processes within constructive design have been neglected widely in the history of technology too. But frequently these processes enabled the integration of materials science into technological theory and practice. The rise of this scientific trend took some decades but when we look at publications like those of Michael Ashby the trend proved appropriate today.The designated sub project has three goals. First it describes and analyzes the mentioned trend in terms of the rise of a new scientific discipline. Approaches, institutions, persons and discourses are exemplarily highlighted. Second basic components of practical technological knowledge and their dynamic transdisciplinary genesis will be explored. Third it will be examined if (and if yes how) these components of knowledge were condensed in codes of practice or in technological models.Long term changes, different materials and missing predecessor studies constitute methodological difficulties. They will be overcome or at least minimized by the unique possibility of embedment in a research group of experts for construction design, technological management and philosophy of technology and by implementing an operational structure of three chronological sections relating to the group. The three chronological sections also refer to a former survey (Habilitation) of the researcher of this sub project. The first section (ca. 1900-1930) deals with classical material testing and is connected with the sub project 6 of Prof. Fleck. The second section (ca. 1920-1950) concentrates on the contemporary topic of light structures and is linked to the sub project 4 of Prof. Meyer. The third section (1960ff.) addresses the rise of systematic materials selection processes in design and converges with the sub project 3 of Prof. Hoelzle/Prof. Kratzer.The main results consist of interdisciplinary essays in peer reviewed journals and a comprehensive monograph in the field of history of technology.