School- and class-profiles in upper secondary schools and comprehensive schools in the German federal state of Lower Saxony

最近，越来越多的德国学校制定了具体的学校和/或班级简介，以吸引学生，从而能够保持他们的入学人数。一方面，学校和班级概况使学校能够对内部和外部需求作出反应，以一种考虑到特定学校中所有群体需求的方式。另一方面，每当申请人数过剩时，学校可以直接或间接地选择某些学生群体，从而积极影响学生群体。一些研究表明，选择中学类型（德国高中或综合学校）以及选择特定城市或地区的特定学校的选择过程与学生的社会背景和阶级关系有关。到目前为止，这些选择过程和概况对内部和外部学校发展的影响，以及某些概况对学生学习成绩的影响，几乎没有得到实证研究。ProfilBildung and Niedersächsischen （ProBiNi；德国联邦下萨克森州高中和综合学校的学校和班级概况）项目的目的是对这些方面进行系统和多视角的首次分析。该研究被设计为纵向和横断面调查与三个测量点的结合。在标准化问卷的帮助下，学生、家长、老师和校长将被问及他们各自的意图、他们的选择以及他们对学校和班级概况的态度。此外，学生的学业成绩将以准实验设计（实验组与参照组）进行分析。因此，根据之前对不伦瑞克和汉诺威地区所有高中和综合学校的学校主页以及学校行政文件的分析结果，将使用随机抽样来分析参加音乐/管弦乐队和科学导向课程的最常见治疗。这个采样过程将包括两个，具有特定配置文件的类和没有配置文件的类。纵向分析的三个测量点将在五年级开始时为所有相关群体设置，并将在六年级（学生）和七年级（学生，家长和老师）开始时重复。针对项目的具体目标，将采用几种分析方法：回归和相关分析、多水平分析、潜在增长曲线分析和倾向评分匹配。总而言之，通过ProBiNi项目，将有可能绘制出班级概况对个人以及学校和学校发展过程的影响的完整图景。

Recently more and more German schools develop specific school and/or class profiles in order to attract students and thus to be able to keep their enrolment figures up. On the one hand, school and class profiles enable schools to react to internal and external requirements in a way that accounts for the needs of all groups involved in a specific school. On the other hand, schools can actively influence their body of students by explicitly or implicitly selecting certain groups of students for their schools whenever there is a surplus of applications. Several studies show that selection processes concerning the choice of the type of secondary school (the German Gymnasium (upper secondary school) or integrierte Gesamtschule (comprehensive school)) as well as the choice of specific schools in a certain city or area are related to students social background and class affiliation. These selection processes and the influence of profiling on internal and external school development as well as the effects of certain profiles on students school achievement, have up to now hardly been subject to empirical research. The aim of the project ProfilBildung an Niedersächsischen Gymnasien und integrierten Gesamtschulen (ProBiNi; School- and class-profiles in upper secondary schools and comprehensive schools in the German federal state of Lower Saxony) is to conduct a systematic and multi-perspective first-time analysis of these aspects. The study is designed as a combination of a longitudinal and cross-sectional survey with three measurement points. With the help of standardized questionnaires students, parents, teachers, and principals will be asked for their respective intentions, their choices, and their attitudes towards school and class profiles. Furthermore, students school achievement will be analyzed in a quasi-experimental design (treatment group vs. reference group). Therefore the most common treatment of attending a music/orchestra-oriented and science-oriented class will be analyzed using a random sampling according to the results of a previous analysis of school homepages as well school administrational documents of all upper secondary schools and comprehensive schools in the regions of Braunschweig and Hanover. This sampling procedure will include both, classes with specific profiles and classes without profiles. The three measurement points of the longitudinal analysis will be set at the beginning of Year 5 for all relevant groups and will be repeated at the beginning of Year 6 (students) and Year 7 (students, parents and teachers). Several methods of analysis will be employed to focus on the specific aims of the project: regression and correlation analyses, multilevel analysis, latent growth curve analysis and propensity score matching. All in all with the ProBiNi - project it will be possible to draw a complete picture of the implications class profiles have for individuals as well as for schools and school development processes.