Urban Landscape and State Formation at Iron Age Samal (Zincirli, Turkey)

铁器时代叙利亚北部和安纳托利亚东南部的叙利亚赫人城市（约公元前1000-600年）是政治转型时期城市建立或重建的跨历史现象的一部分。雄心勃勃的新领土小国统治者的城市化政策被认为是这一时期二级国家形成的关键因素，但这一过程的细节，包括城市最初是如何和由谁居住的，仍然知之甚少。在铁器时代萨玛尔王国的首都——土耳其津基尔利遗址的早期发掘，将这座城市确定为叙利亚-赫梯城市化与国家形成巧合的典型例子。目前由<s:1>宾根大学探险队进行的发掘工作的目标是为津吉尔利的城市基础提供一个更有活力和更全面的画面。对整个城市四个挖掘区域的地层、物质文化和放射性碳年代的比较将完善城市扩张和发展的年表，而对早期住宅区的调查将通过对建筑、装置、陶瓷、小发现和动物的背景分析，揭示第一批定居者的社会经济组织。该项目的结果可以为研究都市化在铁器时代叙利亚-赫梯王国形成过程中的作用奠定新的视角，并有助于对日常生活中主权实践的更广泛理论的研究。

The Iron Age Syro-Hittite cities of northern Syria and southeastern Anatolia (ca. 1000-600 BC) are part of the transhistorical phenomenon of urban foundation or refoundation in periods of political transformation. This policy of urbanization by the ambitious rulers of these small new territorial states has been recognized as a key element of secondary-state formation in this period, but the details of this process, including how and by whom the cities were first populated, are still little understood. Early excavations at the site of Zincirli, Turkey, capital of the Iron Age kingdom of Samal, established this city as an archetypal example of the coincidence of Syro-Hittite urbanization and state formation. Current excavations by the University of Tübingen expedition have the goal of producing a more dynamic and holistic picture of the urban foundation of Zincirli. The comparison of stratigraphy, material culture, and radiocarbon dates from four excavation areas throughout the city will refine the chronology of urban expansion and development, while the investigation of early residential areas will shed light on the socioeconomic organization of the first settlers through contextual analysis of architecture, installations, ceramics, small finds, and fauna. The results of this project can lay the groundwork for a new perspective on the role of urbanization in the formation of the Iron Age Syro-Hittite kingdoms and contribute to broader theories of the practices of sovereignty in everyday life.